|
Cases | Sex of patient | Age at onset of symptoms | Involvement and cause | Symptoms | Treatment | Presence of systemic involvement |
|
Kerley [20] | F | Not known | Direct infiltration of lower esophagus | Dysphagia | Not known | Yes |
Siegel et al. [21] | F | 59 | Direct infiltration of pharyngoesophageal junction | Dysphagia and weight loss | Surgical myotomy | Yes |
Polachek and Marte [22] | M | 65 | Direct infiltration of lower esophagus | Weight loss and abdominal pain | Steroid therapy | Yes |
Hardy et al. [23] | F | 31 | Direct infiltration of lower esophagus | Dysphagia, weight loss, and dysphonia | Steroid therapy | Yes |
Cook et al. [24] | F | 29 | Extrinsic compression of mid esophagus | Dysphagia | Steroid therapy | Yes |
Wiesner et al. [25] | F | 33 | Direct infiltration of lower esophagus | Dysphagia | Surgical resection | Yes |
Davies [26] | M | 49 | Direct infiltration of upper esophagus | Dysphagia | Not known | Yes |
Panosetti and Lehmann [27] | F | 71 | Direct infiltration of pharyngoesophageal junction | Dysphagia | Surgical myotomy | No |
Dufresne et al. [28] | F | 46 | Neural invasion of the lower esophagus | Dysphagia | Surgical myotomy | Yes |
Aronson et al. [29] | M | 82 | Neural invasion of lower esophagus | Dysphagia and hoarseness | Steroid therapy | Yes |
Nidiry et al. [30] | F | 44 | Neural invasion of lower esophagus | Dysphagia | Steroid therapy | Yes |
Cappell [31] | M | 42 | Extrinsic compression of middle esophagus | Dysphagia | Not known | Yes |
Boruchowicz et al. [32] | F | 30 | Neural invasion of lower esophagus | Dysphagia | Surgical myotomy | Yes |
Geissinger et al. [33] | F | 40 | Possible neural involvement of lower esophagus | Dysphagia and weight loss | Steroids and proton pump inhibitors | Yes |
Lukens et al. [34] | F | 48 | Direct infiltration of lower esophagus | Dysphagia | Botulinum toxin injection possibly followed by steroid therapy | Yes |
Murdock and Jacob [35] | F | 54 | Direct infiltration of lower esophagus | Anemia and Barrett’s esophagus | Proton pump inhibitor therapy | Yes |
Wasfi and Margolis [36] | M | 45 | Neural invasion and extrinsic compression of upper esophagus | Dysphagia | Steroid therapy | Yes |
Ohshimo et al. [37] | M | 64 | Direct infiltration of pharyngoesophageal junction | Dysphagia | Surgical myotomy | Yes |
Bredenoord et al. [38] | M | 29 | Neural invasion of the lower esophagus | Dysphagia and weight loss | Steroid therapy | Yes |
Nishikubo et al. [39] | F | 73 | Direct infiltration of cricopharyngeal muscle | Dysphagia | Surgical myotomy | Yes |
Samarasena et al. [40] | M | 46 | Direct infiltration of mid esophagus causing stricture | Dysphagia | Not known | Yes |
Rustagi and Majumder [41] | M | 45 | Extrinsic compression of mid esophagus | Dysphagia, chest pain, and esophageal rupture | Ivor Lewis's esophagectomy | Yes |
Ruiz et al. [42] | M | 37 | Direct infiltration and neural invasion of lower esophagus | Dysphagia and odynophagia | Laparoscopic Heller's myotomy with fundoplication | Yes |
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