Factors Influencing Liana Species Richness and Structure following Anthropogenic Disturbance in a Tropical Forest, Ghana

Table 3

Mean values of environmental variables in the low disturbance (LDF), moderate disturbance (MDF), and high disturbance (HDF) forests in the Southern Scarp Forest Reserve.

Soil variable	Forest type
	LDF	MDF	HDF
Base saturation (%)	83.60^a ± 2.27	84.10^a ± 3.24	65.80^b ± 1.21
Moisture (%)	26.74^a ± 0.50	13.94^b ± 1.02	16.95^c ± 0.60
Organic matter (%)	7.05^a ± 0.48	4.27^b ± 0.88	3.10^b ± 0.49
𝑁 (%)	0.51^a ± 0.08	0.33^b ± 0.04	0.26^b ± 0.04
TEB	6.37^a ± 0.92	6.18^a ± 1.04	2.55^b ± 0.31
ECEC (me/100 g)	7.50^a ± 8.12	7.15^a ± 0.98	3.82^b ± 0.33
Exch. acidity	1.13^ab ± 0.06	0.98^a ± 0.06	1.27^b ± 0.12
Exch. Ca (me/100 g)	3.64^a ± 0.62	2.97^ab ± 0.60	1.47^b ± 0.17
Exch. K (me/100 g)	0.36^a ± 0.05	0.39^a ± 0.04	0.15^b ± 0.02
Exch. Mg (me/100 g)	2.27^a ± 0.38	2.74^a ± 0.90	0.87^b ± 0.13
Exch. Na (me/100 g)	0.10^a ± 0.02	0.09^a ± 0.01	0.07^a ± 0.01
Available K (ppm)	105.50^a ± 8.76	112.40^a ± 12.40	67.20^b ± 9.88
Available P (ppm)	3.80^a ± 1.97	13.70^b ± 2.44	5.20^a ± 1.12
pH	4.4^a ± 0.06	4.6^a ± 0.13	4.2^a ± 0.14

Mean values within the same row that have different superscripts are significantly different (𝑃<0.05).