Stem cell Animal model Result References Mouse BM-derived HSCs Neonatal mouse Injected stem cells differentiated into oligodendroglial cells in vivo [22 ] Rat NPCs Rat Transplanted cells had migrated into white matter and acquired specific markers of the astroglial and oligodendroglial lineages [82 ] Mouse NPCs Mouse Significant numbers of donor cells entered into demyelinating areas of the central nervous system and differentiated into mature brain cells [83 ] Mouse NPCs Mouse The size of demyelinated areas and, extent of chronic axonal pathology were reduced in the transplanted brains [84 ] Mouse NPCs Mouse Decreased CNS inflammation and tissue injury and attenuated severity of EAE [85 ] Mouse NPCs Mouse Transplanted NPCs accumulated in inflammatory demyelinating lesions [86 ] Mouse NPCs Mouse Decreased inflammation in brain but no effect in spinal cord lesions [87 ] Mouse NPCs Mouse Reduced migration of transplanted cells in chronic disease [88 ] Mouse NPCs Mouse Enhanced remyelination [84 ] Mouse NPCs Mouse NPC differentiated into oligodendrocytes in vivo in long term [87 ] Mouse NPCs committed to glial lineage Mouse Migration of cells from the implantation site and remyelination of axons. Behavioral improvement [89 ] Mouse NPCs committed to glial lineage Mouse Remyelination of the axons was observed without alteration of T cells or macrophages within the CNS [90 ] Human NPCs Monkey Decreased disability and increased survival as well as long-term survival of implanted cells [23 ] Human ESC-derived NPCs Mouse Clinical improvement, cells migrated to the host white matter, attenuation of the inflammatory process [91 ] Monkey NPCs Monkey Significant number of myelinating profiles in the transplantation zone [4 ] BM transplantation Mouse Complete amelioration of the symptoms of MS [92 ] BM transplantation Mouse BM transplantation effectively blocked or delayed EAE development [93 ] BM transplantation Mouse Protection from disease development [94 ] NT2 embryonal carcinoma cell line, Mouse Both types of cells remained viable in the mouse brain and differentiated into neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes [95 ] Mouse NSCs Mouse NSCs migrated and differentiated into oligodendrocytes and stimulated remyelination [96 ] Mouse NSCs and mouse BMC-derived NSCs Mouse Both cell types suppressed the inflammatory process [97 ] Human BMCs Mouse Demyelination and the number of the lesions have decreased [98 ] Mouse NSCs Mouse Limited or no therapeutic potential [25 ] Mouse BMCs Mouse Antioxidant and neuroprotective activity for MSCs was documented [99 ] Mouse BMCs Mouse Decreased inflammation and decreased tissue levels of inflammatory mediators [100 ] Mouse BMCs Mouse BMCs enhanced recovery, prevented relapses, and promoted myelin repair [101 ] Mouse BMCs Mouse Transplanted cells decreased the inflammation but also formed demyelinating lesions in the brain parenchyma in some cases [102 ] Human BMCs Mouse Injected BMCs accumulated in the CNS, reduced the extent of damage, and increased oligodendrocyte lineage cells in lesion areas [103 ] Human BMCs differentiated into neurotrophic factor-producing cells Mouse Delay of symptom onset and increased animal survival [104 ] TREM2*-transduced Mouse Limited tissue destruction and facilitated repair [105 ] IFN-
** gene transfected mouse BMCs Mouse Inhibition of disease onset and decrease in clinical severity. [106 ] BDNF*** gene transfected mouse BMCs Mouse Delayed disease onset and a reduction in overall clinical severity [107 ] Mouse ASCs Mouse Bimodal therapeutic potential of ASCs was documented via suppressing the autoimmune response and via inducing local neuroregeneration [108 ] SC and SCPs Rat SCPs survived well, migrate through normal CNS tissue, interface smoothly and intimately with host glial cells, and myelinate extensively among the astrocytes of the retina [109 ] Mouse OPCs and BMCs Mouse BMCs increased OPC engraftment, migration, and maturation in myelinating oligodendrocytes [110 ] Mouse iPS derived OPC Mouse iPS cells could be differentiated into functional OPCs [24 ] OPC line CG-4 Rat Transplanted cells migrated to inflammatory lesions and differentiated into oligodendrocytes [111 ]
