Safety Evaluation of Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. Rhizome Extract: Acute and Chronic Toxicity Studies in Rats

Table 6

Clinical chemistry parameters of rats treated with Z. cassumunar extract granules in chronic oral toxicity study^a.

Parameter	Dose (mg/kg bw/d)
	0	0.3	3.0	30	30^b	11.25	112.5	1,125	1,125^b
Female
GLU (mg/dL)	127.90 ± 3.55	131.60 ± 4.00	131.60 ± 3.43	128.30 ± 4.26	133.90 ± 4.65	124.90 ± 7.80	125.60 ± 18.45	124.00 ± 4.36	129.80 ± 10.24
BUN (mg/dL)	21.50 ± 0.87	24.00 ± 0.79^*	23.40 ± 0.70	23.00 ± 0.83	21.60 ± 0.65	21.93 ± 0.35	25.17 ± 3.27^*	23.00 ± 0.68	20.14 ± 1.07
CRE (mg/dL)	0.45 ± 0.02	0.47 ± 0.03	0.42 ± 0.02	0.43 ± 0.02	0.41 ± 0.01	0.43 ± 0.02	0.44 ± 0.02	0.42 ± 0.02	0.46 ± 0.01
TP (g/dL)	6.21 ± 0.10	6.10 ± 0.10	6.28 ± 0.17	6.02 ± 0.17	5.88 ± 0.08^*	6.10 ± 0.10	6.28 ± 0.17	6.02 ± 0.17	5.68 ± 0.08^*
ALB (g/dL)	4.31 ± 0.07	4.19 ± 0.07	4.23 ± 0.14	4.09 ± 0.13	3.88 ± 0.06^*	4.29 ± 0.00	4.18 ± 0.01^*	4.39 ± 0.00	4.16 ± 0.02^*
T-BIL (mg/dL)	0.26 ± 0.02	0.24 ± 0.02	0.23 ± 0.01	0.23 ± 0.01	0.29 ± 0.01	0.13 ± 0.02	0.15 ± 0.02	0.11 ± 0.02	0.10 ± 0.01
D-BIL (mg/dL)	0.01 ± 0.01	0.02 ± 0.01	0.00 ± 0.00	0.01 ± 0.01	0.01 ± 0.01	0.13 ± 0.02	0.15 ± 0.02	0.11 ± 0.02	0.10 ± 0.01
SGOT (U/L)	172.20 ± 10.51	229.90 ± 29.41^*	156.60 ± 11.94	223.40 ± 21.15^*	184.20 ± 10.86	181.80 ± 24.26	185.20 ± 17.43	162.70 ± 18.24	240.90 ± 33.25^*
SGPT (U/L)	51.50 ± 5.28	56.60 ± 12.65	51.30 ± 3.88	50.30 ± 21.76	53.70 ± 4.90	52.20 ± 5.50	55.60 ± 6.32	52.20 ± 6.77	77.90 ± 10.29^*
ALP (U/L)	34.20 ± 1.57	31.60 ± 1.85	31.30 ± 1.64	30.00 ± 2.19	33.30 ± 1.68	27.20 ± 2.41^*	33.30 ± 3.62	34.80 ± 1.52	31.40 ± 3.79
Male
GLU (mg/dL)	135.20 ± 2.46	131.50 ± 2.76	138.30 ± 3.36	131.20 ± 3.16	136.00 ± 3.34	125.00 ± 1.76	126.10 ± 3.61	129.30 ± 4.62	124.10 ± 4.90
BUN (mg/dL)	20.20 ± 0.51	21.90 ± 1.46	21.90 ± 0.74	21.40 ± 1.05	20.70 ± 0.80	22.00 ± 0.80	19.90 ± 0.62	20.40 ± 0.62	19.10 ± 0.82
CRE (mg/dL)	0.40 ± 0.02	0.40 ± 0.02	0.41 ± 0.03	0.42 ± 0.02	0.40 ± 0.03	0.40 ± 0.02	0.36 ± 0.02	0.36 ± 0.02	0.36 ± 0.02
TP (g/dL)	6.03 ± 0.13	6.17 ± 0.08	6.19 ± 0.05	6.15 ± 0.10	5.72 ± 0.08^*	6.36 ± 0.06	6.54 ± 0.07	6.39 ± 0.09	6.54 ± 0.14
ALB (g/dL)	3.70 ± 0.07	3.71 ± 0.06	3.75 ± 0.03	3.74 ± 0.07	3.61 ± 0.06	3.68 ± 0.05	3.75 ± 0.04	3.70 ± 0.04	3.92 ± 0.07
T-BIL (mg/dL)	0.21 ± 0.02	0.19 ± 0.01	0.20 ± 0.00	0.18 ± 0.01	0.23 ± 0.01	0.23 ± 0.02	0.22 ± 0.01	0.23 ± 0.02	0.21 ± 0.01
D-BIL (mg/dL)	0.02 ± 0.01	0.00 ± 0.00	0.01 ± 0.01	0.00 ± 0.00	0.01 ± 0.01	0.00 ± 0.0	0.00 ± 0.00	0.01 ± 0.01	0.00 ± 0.00
SGOT (U/L)	174.80 ± 14.62	191.90 ± 18.66	183.20 ± 13.41	206.00 ± 27.19	157.20 ± 26.97	179.90 ± 7.20	173.40 ± 14.34	175.60 ± 10.38	194.10 ± 22.75
SGPT (U/L)	56.60 ± 4.08	50.40 ± 2.62	57.90 ± 3.67	62.80 ± 9.13	69.10 ± 15.58	52.00 ± 4.27	53.90 ± 5.51	54.20 ± 4.39	66.40 ± 8.71
ALP (U/L)	49.40 ± 2.27	55.00 ± 2.26	55.80 ± 2.17	55.10 ± 1.70	50.50 ± 3.66	43.50 ± 1.58	53.40 ± 2.94	50.10 ± 1.68	49.70 ± 1.93

Values are expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 10 for each group).
^bSatellite groups were treated with Z. cassumunar extract granules at the indicated dose for 270 days followed by no treatment for 28 days.
values < 0.05, compared to the corresponding control.
GLU, glucose; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; CRE, creatinine; TP, total protein; ALB, albumin; T-BIL, total bilirubin; D-BIL, direct bilirubin; SGOT, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase; SGPT, serum glutamine-pyruvic transaminase; ALP, alkaline phosphatase.