Venous Drainage Patterns in Carotid Cavernous Fistulas
Figure 1
Imaging findings of CCF in different patients. (a) Arterialized flow in SOV on Doppler USG. ((b) and (c)) Arterialization of cavernous sinuses (CS) with flow void appearance on T2 weighted MRI (b) and flow related signal on maximal intensity projection MRA (c) in the same patient. ((d) and (e)) Left orbital congestion and exophthalmus with dilated SOV (arrow on d) and no evidence of flow void appearance of the left CS on T2 weighted MRI (e) but asymmetric intense enhancement of left CS (not shown here) in the same patient. (f) Asymmetric intense enhancement of left CS with no evident exophthalmus of left orbit nor arterialization of left CS on T2 weighted MRI or MRA but only dilated SOV (not shown here).
