Preventive Effects of a Kampo Medicine, Kakkonto, on Inflammatory Responses via the Suppression of Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase Phosphorylation in Lipopolysaccharide-Treated Human Gingival Fibroblasts

Figure 2

Effects of kakkonto on the production of PGE₂, IL-6, and IL-8. HGFs were treated with combinations of LPS (0 and 10 ng/mL) and kakkonto (0, 0.01, 0.3, 0.1, 0.3, and 1 mg/mL) for 24 h. Concentrations of PGE₂ (a), IL-6 (b), and IL-8 (c) were measured by ELISA, adjusted by cell number, and expressed as per 10,000 cells (mean ± SD, 𝑛=3). Open circles, treatment without LPS; closed circles, treatment with 10 ng/mL of LPS. ^∗∗𝑃<0.01 and ^∗∗∗𝑃<0.001 (without kakkonto versus with kakkonto). ^##𝑃<0.001 (without LPS versus with LPS). 𝑃 values were calculated by pairwise comparisons and corrected with the Holm method (16 null hypotheses).

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