Cholangiocarcinoma: Biology, Clinical Management, and Pharmacological Perspectives

Table 3

TNM staging system for pCCAs (7th edition).

Stage	Tumor	Node	Metastasis
0	Tis	N0	M0
I	T1	N0	M0
II	T2a, 2b	N0	M0
IIIA	T3	N0	M0
IIIB	T1–T3	N1	M0
IVA	T4	N0-N1	M0
IVB	T1–T4	N0-N1	M1

Tis: carcinoma in situ; T1: tumor confined to the bile duct, with extension up to muscle layer or fibrous tissue; T2a: tumor invades surrounding adipose tissue; T2b: tumor invades adjacent hepatic parenchyma; T3: tumor invades unilateral branches of portal vein or hepatic artery; T4: tumor invades main portal vein or hepatic artery or bilateral branches.
N0: no regional lymph node metastasis; N1: regional lymph node metastasis.
M0: no distant metastasis; M1: distant metastasis.