Cholangiocarcinoma: Biology, Clinical Management, and Pharmacological Perspectives

Table 4

TNM staging system for dCCAs (7th edition).

Stage	Tumor	Node	Metastasis
IA	T1	N0	M0
IB	T2	N0	M0
IIA	T3	N0	M0
IIB	T1–T3	N1	M0
III	T4	N0-N1	M0
IV	T1–T4	N0-N1	M1

T1: tumor confined to the ductal wall; T2: tumor beyond the ductal wall; T3: tumor invades adjacent organs; T4: tumor invades celiac axis or superior mesenteric artery.
N0: no regional lymph node metastasis; N1: regional lymph node metastasis.
M0: no distant metastasis; M1: distant metastasis.