In recent years, the increasing threat to groundwater quality due to human activities has become a matter of great concern. The groundwater quality problems present today are caused by contamination and by overexploitation, or by combination of both, which are faced by many Indian states.  Today, reverse osmosis (RO) membranes are the leading technology for desalination of groundwater because of their strong separation capabilities and exhibiting a great potential for treatment of waters worldwide. However, the RO process had some problems due to the formation of polarization films because high pressure operation and by-products which may generate bacteria and fouling. Also, high energy consumption and brine disposal problem is faced in RO process due to the limited recovery of water. These problems may be overcome by other membrane thermal process such as a membrane distillation (MD). This paper addresses the outline of RO and MD process for desalination. RO has developed over the past 40 years and MD is an emerging technology for brackish water desalination and yet is not fully implemented in industry. The MD is the better alternative to RO for desalination theoretically found in the literature.

Bhausaheb L. Pangarkar

Mukund G. Sane

Mahendra Guddad

Reverse Osmosis and Membrane Distillation for Desalination of Groundwater: A Review

Vanadium-doped zinc telluride (ZnTe:V) thin film sandwiched by two different metal electrodes, that is, Al/ZnTe:V/Cu structure, was deposited onto the glass substrate by e-beam deposition technique in vacuum at a pressure of ~8 &#x00D7; 10&#x2212;4&#x2009;Pa. The deposition rate of the film was maintained at 2.052&#x2009;nms&#x2212;1. Circulation current was measured through this device as a function of potential difference applied across the structure. The Al/ZnTe:V/Cu structures exhibit memory switching characteristics at atmospheric pressure in room temperature. Switching characteristics of deposited Al/ZnTe:V/Cu structure as a memory device have been investigated in detail for various vanadium compositions, thicknesses of ZnTe:V films as well as various film temperatures, respectively. In all cases, it is seen that the metal/insulator/metal (Al/ZnTe:V/Cu) structures based on ZnTe:V can undergo an electroforming process and exhibit voltage-controlled negative resistance (VCNR) or a new switching process. It is also observed that the electric field, temperature, thickness, and dopant composition have important role in the switching characteristics. Switching characteristics have been interpreted by using a filamentary model. The switching effects of Al/ZnTe:V/Cu device may have important applications in the energy-oriented devices.

M. S. Hossain

R. Islam

K. A. Khan

DC Conduction and Switching Mechanisms in Electroformed Al/ZnTe:V/Cu Devices at Atmospheric Pressure

Vertebroplasty is an efficient procedure to treat osteoporotic vertebral fractures. Cement leakage is considered to be the most severe complication during vertebroplasty. At high cement viscosities, the risk of leakage is reduced. However, injection forces are highly increased, requiring the use of high force injection systems with the lack in tactile force feedback. Therefore, an acrylic cement was developed showing medium initial viscosity and which still allows to be manually applied using syringes. An established model favoring leakage was used to observe the filling pattern and leaked cement mass. The method used included the simulation of body temperature, and all materials submitted are approved medical products. When applied just after preparation, the medium viscous cement resulted in good cement filling and less cement leakage than low viscosity cement. The added clinical value of the new cement is that the waiting time for the physician will be shortened to zero minutes without compromising the safety for the procedure.

Andreas Boger

Kurtis Wheeler

A Medium Viscous Acrylic Cement Enhances Uniformity of Cement
Filling and Reduces Leakage in Cancellous Bone Augmentation

Terahertz wave resonators composed of three-dimensional photonic crystals composed of alumina lattices with diamond structures were designed and fabricated by using microstereolithography process. These three dimensional periodic structures of ceramics can reflect perfectly the terahertz waves through Bragg diffraction. A micro glass cell including water solvents was put between two photonic crystals to realize multiple resonations of terahertz waves to synchronize with various vibration modes of saccharide or protein molecules and control biochemical reactions through electromagnetic excitations.

Soshu Kirihara

Noritoshi Ohta

Toshiki Niki

Satoko Tasaki

Fabrications of Terahertz Wave Resonators in Micro Liquid Cells Introduced into Alumina Photonic Crystals with Diamond Structures

A nanocomposite polymer electrolyte (NCPE) comprising of 49&#x25; poly(methyl methacrylate) grafted natural rubber (MG49) as polymer host, titanium dioxide (TiO2) as a ceramic filler, lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF4) as dopant salt, and ethylene carbonate (EC) as plasticizer was prepared by solution casting technique. The ceramic filler, TiO2, was synthesized in situ by a sol-gel process. The ionic conductivity, chemical interaction, structure, and surface morphology of nanocomposite polymer electrolyte have been investigated as a function of wt&#x25; LiBF4. The interaction between lithium ions and oxygen atoms occurred at carbonyl and ether groups. The crystalline phase of polymer host slightly decreases with the addition of salt. TGA and DTG analysis suggested that the thermal stability of the electrolyte decreases with the salt content. The ionic conductivity of the electrolyte was found to increase with the increase of salt concentration and then decreased after an optimum value. The highest conductivity achieved was <svg style="vertical-align:-0.3135pt;width:65.824997px;" id="M1" height="14.375" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 65.824997 14.375" width="65.824997" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
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</svg>&#x2009;S&#x2009;cm&#x2212;1 at 25&#x2009;wt&#x25; of LiBF4.

A. Ahmad

M. Y. A. Rahman

S. P. Low

H. Hamzah

Effect of LiBF4 Salt Concentration on the Properties of Plasticized MG49-TiO2 Based Nanocomposite Polymer Electrolyte

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