An Assessment and Design of a Distributed Hybrid Energy System for Rural Electrification: The Case for Jamataka Village, Botswana

Table 2

Optimization results of the proposed system under different setups.

Item (units)	System setups
	PV/WT/DG/battery	PV/WT/battery	WT/DG/battery	PV/DG/battery
Economic performance
NPC ($)	343181.3	339804.26	392603.98	404537.61
LCOE ($)	0.2857	0.298	0.3404	0.3365
Technical performance
Renewable fraction (%)	72.2	100	50	65.9
PV production (kWh/yr)	37083	65814	0	84667
WT production (kWh/yr)	41336	56838	51671	0
DG production (kWh/yr)	16771	0	28952	20592
Excess electricity (kWh/yr)	33655	62111	22204	41982
Unmet electric load (kWh/yr)	56.5	3124	2457	0.0539
Capacity shortage (kWh/yr)	332	6057	5608	11.4
Batteries nominal capacity (kWh)	31	50	7.01	56
Batteries lifetime throughput (kWh/yr)	23344	40000	5600	44800
Batteries expected life (yr)	10	4.43	3.4	7.74
Batteries autonomy (hr)	2.7	4.36	0.61	4.88
Maximum inverter output (kW)	10.4	14.9	1.67	18.5
Maximum rectifier output (kW)	6.71	11.2	1.33	1.27
Emissions produced
Carbon dioxide (kg/yr)	16653	0	28249	19485
Carbon monoxide (kg/yr)	126	0	214	147
Unburned hydrocarbons (kg/yr)	4.59	0	7.79	5.37
Particulate matter (kg/yr)	7.64	0	13	8.94
Sulfur dioxide (kg/yr)	40.9	0	69.3	47.8
Nitrogen oxides (kg/yr)	143	0	243	168