Factors Associated with the Use of Different Treatment Modalities among Patients with Upper Airway Diseases in Taiwan: A Cross-Sectional Survey Study

Table 2

Univariate logistic regression analysis of factors associated with the use of treatment modalities in patients with rhinitis (𝑁=279).

Variable	Odds ratio (95% confidence interval), 𝑃
	Pharmacology; 239 (85.7%)	Subgroup of pharmacology		Surgical intervention; 107 (38.4%)	Traditional Chinese medicine; 96 (34.4%)	Nasal irrigation; 95 (34.1%)
		Oral; medications; 215 (77.1%)	Topical medications; 184 (65.9%)
Sex
Female	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Male	0.82 (0.41–1.64), 0.572	0.87 (0.50–1.55), 0.642	0.91 (0.55–1.50), 0.701	1.61 (0.98–2.65), 0.062	1.06 (0.64–1.76), 0.815	1.35 (0.81–2.24), 0.250
Age (yr)
≤30	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
31–40	2.34 (0.76–7.24), 0.139	2.06 (0.82–5.17), 0.126	1.57 (0.69–3.60), 0.286	1.11 (0.50–2.47), 0.806	1.16 (0.53–2.55), 0.712	3.44 (1.47–8.06), 0.004
41–50	1.39 (0.52–3.77), 0.514	1.31 (0.56–3.07), 0.538	1.47 (0.65–3.33), 0.359	0.98 (0.44–2.18), 0.951	0.79 (0.36–1.74), 0.553	2.14 (0.91–5.03), 0.081
51–60	1.51 (0.61–3.74), 0.377	1.96 (0.87–4.44), 0.104	1.29 (0.62–2.69), 0.498	1.62 (0.79, 3.33), 0.192	0.44 (0.21, 0.94), 0.033	1.68 (0.76–3.73), 0.201
>60	4.22 (1.27–13.98), 0.019	2.65 (1.10, 6.40), 0.030	1.48 (0.69, 3.16), 0.313	0.45 (0.20, 1.01), 0.052	0.22 (0.09–0.52), 0.001	0.99 (0.42–2.31), 0.973
Body mass index (kg/m^2)
Normal	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Underweight	1.19 (0.48–2.92), 0.707	0.87 (0.41–1.83), 0.704	1.25 (0.66–2.38), 0.495	1.28 (0.66–2.47), 0.464	1.24 (0.64–2.40), 0.521	0.85 (0.44–1.64), 0.626
Overweight	1.91 (0.22–16.93), 0.560	3.14 (0.37–26.86), 0.295	1.38 (0.37–5.13), 0.636	0.67 (0.16–2.77), 0.577	0.67 (0.16–2.77), 0.577	0.34 (0.07–1.71), 0.191
Obese	0.79 (0.30–2.06), 0.630	1.00 (0.43–2.34), >0.999	1.92 (0.90–4.08), 0.091	1.51 (0.73–3.15), 0.269	0.82 (0.39–1.76), 0.617	0.96 (0.46–2.00), 0.915
Marital status
Single, divorced, widowed, or other	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Married	0.82 (0.40–1.70), 0.594	0.95 (0.53–1.72), 0.865	1.15 (0.68–1.94), 0.594	0.82 (0.49–1.36), 0.443	0.55 (0.33–0.92), 0.022	0.93 (0.55–1.57), 0.791
Educational level
Elementary school or below	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
High school or above	0.25 (0.09–0.72), 0.011	0.46 (0.23–0.93), 0.031	0.44 (0.24–0.81), 0.008	1.07 (0.63–1.84), 0.802	1.93 (1.07–3.48), 0.029	0.89 (0.52–1.55), 0.685
General health status
Good	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Poor or fair	4.98 (1.14–21.78), 0.033	1.33 (0.61–2.90), 0.476	3.98 (1.69–9.37), 0.002	0.82 (0.44–1.53), 0.525	1.73 (0.93–3.22), 0.086	1.62 (0.87–3.05), 0.130
Very good or excellent	0.77 (0.37–1.61), 0.482	0.79 (0.41–1.52), 0.475	0.70 (0.39–1.25), 0.223	0.33 (0.17–0.64), 0.001	0.62 (0.32–1.18), 0.146	0.91 (0.49–1.70), 0.772
Smoking
No	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Yes	1.98 (0.67–5.84), 0.219	2.87 (1.08–7.58), 0.034	1.26 (0.64–2.50), 0.499	1.37 (0.73–2.58), 0.329	1.37 (0.72–2.60), 0.342	3.26 (1.71–6.20), <0.001
Alcohol use
No	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Yes	1.72 (0.73–4.09), 0.217	1.64 (0.82–3.29), 0.164	0.67 (0.39–1.18), 0.163	1.06 (0.61–1.85), 0.828	1.58 (0.91–2.74), 0.108	1.61 (0.92–2.80), 0.093
Exercise
No	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Yes	1.11 (0.48–2.57), 0.811	1.15 (0.57–2.32), 0.695	1.03 (0.55–1.94), 0.924	0.61 (0.33–1.12), 0.112	1.37 (0.71–2.64), 0.350	0.72 (0.38–1.33), 0.287
CRSOM-31  symptom-impact score
<116	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
117–205	3.94 (1.60–9.70), 0.003	2.65 (1.32–5.33), 0.006	2.14 (1.16–3.94), 0.014	0.85 (0.46–1.57), 0.604	1.76 (0.89–3.47), 0.106	1.27 (0.68–2.37), 0.462
>205	2.69 (1.20–6.03), 0.016	2.31 (1.17–4.54), 0.016	2.17 (1.18–3.99), 0.012	1.73 (0.96–3.12), 0.066	5.13 (2.66–9.88), <0.001	1.89 (1.03–3.48), 0.041
Etiology of rhinitis
Allergic rhinitis
No	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Yes	1.01 (0.52–1.97), 0.979	0.83 (0.47–1.46), 0.516	1.14 (0.70–1.87), 0.603	0.64 (0.39–1.04), 0.070	1.10 (0.67–1.80), 0.720	0.68 (0.41–1.12), 0.126
Deviation of nasal septum
No	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Yes	0.73 (0.31, 1.72), 0.473	0.91 (0.43–1.91), 0.793	0.92 (0.48–1.80), 0.816	0.87 (0.45–1.69), 0.674	2.07 (1.08–3.95), 0.028	0.85 (0.43–1.70), 0.650
Chronic hypertrophic rhinitis
No	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Yes	0.90 (0.44–1.84), 0.763	0.79 (0.44–1.43), 0.439	0.92 (0.54–1.58), 0.772	0.66 (0.39–1.14), 0.135	1.42 (0.84–2.41), 0.194	0.58 (0.33–1.02), 0.058
Chronic rhinosinusitis
No	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Without nasal polyps	1.66 (0.78–3.52), 0.188	1.80 (0.96–3.37), 0.068	1.64 (0.95–2.84), 0.078	2.37 (1.34–4.19), 0.003	0.94 (0.54–1.63), 0.810	2.10 (1.18–3.75), 0.012
With nasal polyps	1.99 (0.71, 5.57), 0.190	2.16 (0.93–5.04), 0.075	2.54 (1.19–5.41), 0.016	8.69 (4.13–18.28), <0.001	1.30 (0.67–2.56), 0.443	4.88 (2.42–9.84), <0.001