Adiponectin, Leptin, and Resistin in Asthma: Basic Mechanisms through Population Studies

Table 1

A tabular summary of the current evidence supporting the roles for systemic adiponectin or leptin with respect to asthma in human subpopulations.

	Adiponectin-asthma association		Leptin-asthma association
	Asthma prevalence	Asthma severity	Asthma prevalence	Asthma severity
Males
Prepubertal boys	Inadequately studied (#)	Beneficial effect on exercise induced bronchoconstriction and FEF25--75% [55, 56] (*)	Harmful effect [57–59] (†)	Harmful effect on clinical outcomes; peak expiratory flow rates; exercise induced bronchoconstriction [56, 60, 61] (†)
Peri/postpubertal boys	No effect [55] (‡)	Beneficial effect on clinical outcomes and FEV1/FVC ratio [62] (*)	No effect [55] (‡)	No effect [62] (‡)
Men	Unclear effect—no effect on clinical outcomes [63, 64]; harmful effect on prevalent reversible airflow obstruction; beneficial effect on exhaled nitric oxide [63, 65] (‡)	Harmful effect on clinical outcomes [49] (†)	No effect [64–66] (‡)	Inadequately studied (#)
Females
Prepubertal girls	Inadequately studied (#)	Inadequately studied (#)	Inadequately studied (#)	Harmful effect on clinical outcomes [61] (†)
Peri/postpubertal girls	Beneficial effect [67] (*)	Possible beneficial effect on clinical outcomes and spirometry [68] (*)	Harmful effect [67] (†)	Harmful effect on clinical outcomes [62] (†)
Premenopausal women	Beneficial effect [36, 63, 69] (*)	Beneficial effect on clinical outcomes [49] (*)	Harmful effect [66] (†)	Inadequately studied (#)
Postmenopausal women	Inadequately studied (#)	Beneficial effect on clinical outcomes [70] (*)	Harmful effect [70] (†)	Harmful effect on clinical outcomes and FEV1/FVC ratio [70] (†)

Note 1: Inadequately studied, beneficial; and harmful associations as well as no effects or unclear effects are depicted by different symbols (#, *, †, and ‡).