Journal of Amino Acids

Review Article

Cdc48: A Swiss Army Knife of Cell Biology

Table 1

Functions and substrates of some Cdc48 cofactors.


Cofactor	Function	Substrates

Ufd1-Npl4	ERAD, cell cycle control, nuclear transport, DNA repair, transcription, ribosome-associated degradation, essential for cell growth, clearance of damaged mitochondria	Spt23, Mga2, Sec23, Mps1, Ole1, Hmg2, CPY, CT, CTG, Ste6, Pex29, Rad52, Rpb1, Matα2, Gnd1^PTC, GFH^NS, Fbp1, UFD model substrates, Ci/Gli3, CD3δ, CD4, TCRα, HO-1, CDT1, SET8, tyrosinase mutant, L3MBTL1, SKP2, MHC class I heavy chains, inositol 1, 4,5-triphosphate receptors, Hmg-CoA reductase…

Ufd2/E4B	Ubiquitin chain synthesis, cell cycle control, ERAD, cardiac development, and nervous system maintenance	Mps1, Pex29, Ste6, Hmg2, Spt23, Fad3, UFD model substrates*, p53, p73, Ataxin-3, Fez1, myosin chaperone UNC-45

Ufd3/PLAA	Ubiquitin homeostasis, ribophagy, tRNA import to mitochondria, DNA repair, multivesicular body sorting	Cse4, Rpl25, Spt23, Cps1, Vph1, Fad3, UFD model substrates, PCNA, histone H2B, N-end rule

Vms1/ANKZF-1	ERAD, mitochondria stress response	Cdc13, Fzo1, CFTR, CPY*

Ubx1/p47/Shp1	Autophagy, nuclear envelop formation, ER biogenesis, Golgi assembly	GFP-Osh1, Fad3, UFD model substrates, NEMO, Rum1

Ubx2	ERAD, lipid droplet maintenance	Hmg2, CPY, KSS, Ubc6, Sec61-2, Deg1-GFP, Spt23, SREBP, RNA binding protein HuR, Insig-1, ApoB-100, UBC6-B5 mutant

Ubx3	Unknown	Unknown

Ubx4	ERAD, DNA repair	CPY, Ste6, Fbp1, Rpb1

Ubx5	Links Cdc48 to CRL E3 ligases	Rpb1, HIF1α

Ubx6	Unknown	Unknown

Ubx7	Unknown, in complex with Dfm1	Unknown

FAF1	ERAD, proapoptosis factor	CD3δ, Hsp70, β-catenin

Ataxin-3	Ubiquitin chain editing, ERAD, stress response	TCRα, BACE mutant, SOD1, PARKIN, CHIP, integrin subunits, UFD model substrates

Substrates of Cdc48 cofactors in yeast S. cerevisiae are indicated in bold.