Immune Activation and Inflammation in Patients with Cardiovascular Disease Are Associated with Higher Phenylalanine to Tyrosine Ratios: The Ludwigshafen Risk and Cardiovascular Health Study
Table 1
Characteristics of coronary artery disease (CAD) patients and controls () given as mean ± SD; n.s.: not significant (Welch's test), GFR: glomerular filtration rate, hsCRP: high sensitivity C-reactive protein.
Variable
Controls
CAD
value
value
()
()
Age, years
58.4 ± 12.3
63.6 ± 10.0
−6.26
<0.0001
Neopterin, nmol/L
7.6 ± 4.7
9.1 ± 8.2
−3.76
<0.0001
hsCRP, mg/L
5.8 ± 7.6
9.3 ± 18.5
−3.88
<0.0001
Creatinine, mg/dL
0.88 ± 0.32
0.99 ± 0.46
−4.11
<0.0001
Cystatin C, mg/L
0.9 ± 0.3
1.0 ± 0.4
−4.04
<0.0001
GFR, mL/min/1.73 m2
87.6 ± 19.5
81.6 ± 20.9
4.21
<0.0001
Phenyalanine, mol/L
57.4 ± 12.2
58.2 ± 12.1
−0.97
n.s.
Tyrosine, mol/L
64.9 ± 16.3
64.4 ± 16.0
0.47
n.s.
Phenylalanine/tyrosine, mol/mol
0.91 ± 0.17
0.93 ± 0.18
−1.91
n.s.
Total cholesterol, mg/dL
217 ± 42
206 ± 44
3.90
<0.0001
LDL-cholesterol, mg/dL
121 ± 32
116 ± 35
2.50
0.0128
HDL-cholesterol, mg/dL
43 ± 11
37 ± 10
7.27
<0.0001
Triglycerides, mg/dL
165 ± 178
171 ± 102
−0.51
n.s.
Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg
136 ± 21
142 ± 24
−3.79
<0.0001
Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg
80 ± 11
81 ± 12
−1.33
n.s.
Daily smoked cigarettes,
9.0 ± 15
14 ± 16
−4.87
<0.0001
Body mass index, kg/m2
26.8 ± 4.0
27.2 ± 3.9
−1.41
n.s.
GFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) = 177.6 × Creatinine−0.65 × Cystatin C−0.57 × Age−0.20 × (0.82 if female); conversion factors to SI units: creatinine: mg/dL × 88.4 = mol/L; cholesterol: mg/dL × 0.02586 = mmol/L; triglycerides: mg/dL × 0.0114 = mmol/L; and blood pressure: mm Hg × 0.133 = kPa.
