Evolvability and Speed of Evolutionary Algorithms in Light of Recent Developments in Biology

Table 1

Mechanisms responsible for creating redundancy and antiredundancy at the cellular level. (Adapted from Krakauer and Plotkin [86].)

Redundancy	Antiredundancy
Gene duplication	Overlapping reading frames
Neutral codon usage	Nonconservative codon bias
—	Gene silencing
Polyploidy	Haploidy
Multiple regulatory elements for n genes	Single regulatory element for n genes
Chaperone and heat shock proteins	—
Checkpoint genes promoting repair	Checkpoint genes inducing apoptosis
Telomerase induction	Loss of telomerase
Dominance	Incomplete dominance
Autophagy	—
mRNA surveillance	—
Bulk transmission	Bottlenecks in transmission
Molecular quality control	—
tRNA suppressor molecules	—
Modularity	—
Multiple organelle copies	Single organelle copies
Parallel metabolic pathways	Serial metabolic pathways
Correlated gene expression	Uncorrelated gene expression
DNA error repair	Loss of error repair