Drag Reduction of Passenger Car Using Add-On Devices

Table 5

Boundary condition settings.

Boundary conditions
Velocity inlet	Magnitude (measured normal to boundary)	22 m/s (constant)
	Turbulence specification method	Intensity and Viscosity Ratio
	Turbulence intensity	1.00%
	Turbulence viscosity ratio	20
Pressure outlet	Gauge pressure magnitude	0 Pa
	Gauge pressure direction	normal to boundary
	Turbulence specification method	Intensity and viscosity ratio
	Backflow turbulence intensity	10%
	Backflow turbulent viscosity ratio	10
Wall zones	(i) Vehicle surface-no slip wall B/c; (ii) Ground face-inviscid wall B/C; (iii) Side faces-inviscid wall B/C
Fluid properties	Fluid type	Air
	Density	𝜌 = 1.175 (kg/m^3)
	Kinematic viscosity	𝑣 = 1.7894 × 10^−5 (kg/(m·s))