Reliability and Accuracy of Angular Measurements on Laser Scanning Created 3D Models of Dry Skulls

Table 1

Description of the measured cranial angles after Martin and Saller [14] and Alekseev and Debets [15]. The numbers in brackets of the first five angles correspond to the number of the measurements by Martin and Saller [14].

Angles	Description	Abbreviation/landmark’s type
Facial profile angle (72)	The angle between the line joining the nasion and prosthion and the Frankfurt horizontal plane.	n – pr – FH; I – II – (III)
Nasal profile angle (73)	The angle between the line joining the nasion and nasospinale and the Frankfurt horizontal plane.	n – ns – FH; I – II – (III)
Alveolar profile angle (74)	The angle between the line joining the nasospinale and prosthion and the Frankfurt horizontal plane.	ns – pr – FH; II – II – (III)
Frontal profile angle (32)	The angle between the line joining the nasion and metopion and the Frankfurt horizontal plane.	m – n – FH; III – I – (III)
Frontal slope angle (32(1a))	The angle between the line joining the nasion and bregma and the Frankfurt horizontal plane.	b – n – FH; I – I – (III)
Nasomalar angle	The angle formed by both landmarks of frontomalare orbitale and a vertex at nasion.	fmo – n – fmo; II – I – II
Zygomaxillare angle	The angle formed by both landmarks of zygomaxillare and a vertex at nasion.	zm – ss – zm; II – II – II

The type of the landmarks is given with Roman numerals (types I, II, and III), according to the categorical classification of landmarks after Bookstein [16].