Journal of Botany

Research Article

Genome Size Study in the Valerianaceae: First Results and New Hypotheses

Table 1

Origin of the populations studied with indications of the herbaria where voucher specimens are deposited, chromosome counts, genome size data, and GenBank accession numbers (only for the new sequences).


Species (population number)	Collection data	Life cycle¹	2C (pg)²		Ploidy level	1Cx ⁴	2C (Mbp)⁵	Mean HPCV of sample (%)	Mean HPCV of standard (%)	trnL-trnF GenBank accession number

Centranthus	France: Vaucluse, Mt.	P	1.30 ± 0.03	32	4x	0.33	1271.4	3.83 ± 0.63	1.25 ± 0.59	HM162366
angustifolius (Mill.) DC. (1)	Ventoux, Hidalgo 212 & Hidalgo (BC)
Centranthus	France: Hautes-Alpes,	P	1.35 ± 0.02	32	4x	0.34	1320.3	5.57 ± 0.86	3.77 ± 0.65	HM162367
angustifolius (Mill.) DC. (2)	VI-2005, Hidalgo & Romashchenko (MPU)
Centranthus	France: Hautes-Alpes,	P	1.41 ± 0.07	32	4x	0.35	1379	3.35 ± 0.55	1.50 ± 0.43
angustifolius (Mill.) DC. (3)	Les Infournas, Hidalgo 201 & Martin (BC)
Centranthus	Spain, Catalonia, Port	A	1.56 ± 0.04	32	4x	0.39	1525.7	5.22 ± 1.14	4.12 ± 0.95
calcitrapae (L.) Dufr. (1)	d'Àger, Garnatje 229 &
	Vallès (BCN)
Centranthus	France: Gard, Saint	A	1.58 ± 0.02	32	4x	0.40	1545.2	3.28 ± 0.70	1.99 ± 0.62	HM162368
calcitrapae (L.) Dufr. (2)	André de Majencoules,
	4-VI-2005, Hidalgo, Romashchenko & Romo (BC)
Centranthus	Greece, Crete: Elafonissi,	A	1.61 ± 0.01	32	4x	0.40	1574.6	3.62 ± 0.96	1.06 ± 0.87
calcitrapae (L.) Dufr. (3)	Bot. Gard. MNHN 1996-08
Centranthus	Greece, Crete: Hania,	A	1.62 ± 0.03	32	4x	0.4	1584.4	3.16 ± 1.45	1.51 ± 0.56
calcitrapae (L.) Dufr. (4)	Bot. Gard. MNHN 1996-15
Centranthus cf.	Morocco: Hidalgo,	A	1.80 ± 0.03	32	4x	0.45	1760.4	3.46 ± 0.60	2.20 ± 0.70	HM162369
calcitrapae (L.) Dufr. (5)	Romo 13128 & Soriano (BC)
Centranthus lecoqii	France: Lozère, Les	P	1.22 ± 0.05	32	4x	0.31	1193.2	3.62 ± 1.58	2.09 ± 0.48
Jord. (1)	Vignes, Bot. Gard. MNHN 2002-39
Centranthus lecoqii	France: Cons. Bot.	P		32	4x
Jord. (2)	Porquerolles Ly815
Centranthus lecoqii	France: Hérault, St.	P		32	4x					HM162370
Jord. (3)	Guilhem le Désert, Mathez 1076 (MPU)
Centranthus longiflorus	Lebanon: Les Cèdres,	P	1.42 ± 0.03	32	4x	0.36	1388.8	7.90 ± 0.68	7.71 ± 2.41
Steven var. latifolius Boiss.	Bou Dagher-Kharrat, Hidalgo & Romashchenko 409 (BC)
Centranthus	Bot. Gard. Hauniensis	A	1.97 ± 0.06	32	4x	0.49	1926.7	2.58 ± 1.19	1.64 ± 1.26	HM162371
macrosiphon Boiss.	2000-2315
Centranthus nevadensis	Morocco: Akchar, sur	P	1.16 ± 0.02	32	4x	0.29	1134.5	4.23 ± 0.98	2.27 ± 0.77
Boiss. (1)	Tizi Ouzli, Hidalgo,
	Romo 13035 & Soriano (BC)
Centranthus nevadensis	Morocco: Djebel	P	1.19 ± 0.01	32	4x	0.3	1163.8	3.80 ± 0.37	1.87 ± 0.78	HM162372
Boiss. (2)	Lechâab, Hidalgo, Romo 13147 & Soriano (BC)
Centranthus ruber	France: Bouches-du-	P	1.14 ± 0.04	32	4x	0.29	1114.9	3.77 ± 1.59	0.81 ± 0.41
(L.) DC. (1)	Rhône, la Sainte Baume,
	VI-2005, Hidalgo, Romashchenko & Romo (BC)
Centranthus ruber	Rumania: Valea Moril,	P	1.14 ± 0.02	32	4x	0.29	1114.9	4.56 ± 0.49	2.36 ± 0.22	HM162373
(L.) DC. (2)	Distr. Cluj, Bot. Gard. Cluj-Napoca 2006-1820
Centranthus ruber	Italy, Sicily: Siracusa,	P	1.16 ± 0.04	32	4x	0.29	1134.5	3.67 ± 0.71	0.88 ± 0.44
(L.) DC. (3)	Buccheri Mt., Bot. Gard. Palermo 2006-750

Fedia cf. cornucopiae	Italy, Sicily: Siracusa,	A	1.70 ± 0.02	32	4x	0.43	1662.6	2.68 ± 0.31	0.18 ± 0.08	HM162374
(L.) Gaertn. (1)	Lauro-Buccheri Mt.,
(as F. caput-bovis)	Bot. Gard. Palermo 2006-751
Fedia cornucopiae	Willd coll., Bot. Gard.	A	1.79 ± 0.04	32	4x	0.45	1750.6	5.28 ± 0.96	3.28 ± 1.16
(L.) Gaertn. (2)	Coimbra 2005-1321
Fedia graciliflora	Bot. Gard.	A	1.53 ± 0.04	32	4x	0.38	1496.3	4.48 ± 0.96	2.53 ± 1.17	HM162375
Fisch. & C.A.Mey.	Montpellier (MPU)
Fedia pallescens	Morocco: Mehdyia,	A	1.14 ± 0.02	32	4x	0.29	1114.9	5.85 ± 1.54	2.71 ± 1.14	HM162376
(Maire) Mathez	El-Oualidi s.n.-1998 (MPU)

Nardostachys jatamansi	Bot. Gard. Lautaret,	P	3.49 ± 0.04					2.06 ± 0.72	1.25 ± 0.82
(D. Don) DC.	France
Patrinia rupestris	Russia: Siberia, Bot.	P	2.56 ± 0.01					2.81 ± 1.01	1.87 ± 1.1
Dufr.	Gard. Lautaret, France
Patrinia scabiosifolia	Japan: Bot. Gard. Ofuna	P	1.50 ± 0.03					5.09 ± 0.71	4.08 ± 0.37
Link (1)	314-2006
Patrinia scabiosifolia	Japan: Tsukiono-machi,	P	2.57 ± 0.07	ca. 44	4x	0.64	2513.5	3.7 ± 0.68	1.91 ± 0.58	HM162377
Link (2)	Tone-gun, Bot. Gard.
	Chiba University 2006-193

Valeriana apula	Spain, Aragon: Huesca,	P	0.97 ± 0.02	16	2x	0.49	948.66	5.58 ± 0.87	2.16 ± 0.54	HM162378
Pourr.	Anglios, 2005, Vallès (BCN)
Valeriana celtica	France: Savoie, Evettes	P	2.11 ± 0.04					1.81 ± 1.37	1.29 ± 1.10
L. (1)	circus, Bot. Gard. Lautaret, France
Valeriana celtica	Italy: Aosta, Cogne,	P								HM162379
L. (2)	Hidalgo 503 (MPU)
Valeriana dioica	France: Hautes-Alpes,	P	2.87 ± 0.05					3.25 ± 0.31	0.72 ± 0.70
L. (1)	Lautaret pass, VI-2005
	Douzet, Hidalgo & Romashchenko (BC)
Valeriana dioica	France: Gard, Bonheur	P	3.01 ± 0.01					3.11 ± 0.21	0.72 ± 0.49	HM162380
L. (2)	valley, 5-VI-2005,		(♀)					(♀)	(♀)
	Hidalgo, Romashchenko		3.08 ± 0.01					3.22 ± 0.14	1.78 ± 0.51
	& Romo (BC)		(♂)					(♂)	(♂)
Valeriana longiflora	Spain, Aragon: Santa	P	0.96 ± 0.02					5.84 ± 0.99	2.91 ± 0.30
Willk. (1)	Anna dam, Garnatje 172
	& Vallès (BCN)
Valeriana longiflora	Spain, Aragon, Santa	P								HM162381
Willk. (2)	Anna dam, Garnatje,
	Hidalgo 500 &
	Luque (MPU)
Valeriana montana	France: Hautes-Alpes,	P	1.23 ± 0.01					3.92 ± 1.32	1.59 ± 1.05
L. (1)	Les Infournas, Hidalgo
	202 & Martin (BC)
Valeriana montana	Spain, Catalonia:	P	2.24 ± 0.04					5.98 ± 2.41	0.88 ± 0.62
L. (2)	Girona, Camprodon,
	Garnatje 179 (BC)
Valeriana montana	Italy: Maritime Alps,	P	2.40 ± 0.05					2.79 ± 0.36	2.21 ± 0.83
L. (3)	Cuneo, 6-VIII-2005,
	Peccenini & Vallès
	(BCN)
Valeriana montana	France: Hautes-Alpes,	P	2.42 ± 0.03					2.79 ± 0.49	2.17 ± 0.73	HM162382
L. (4)	between the Galibier and
	Lautaret passes, Garnatje
	& Hidalgo 220 (BC)
Valeriana montana	Spain, Catalonia: Lleida,	P	2.50 ± 0.05	32	4x	0.63	2445	2.08 ± 0.28	1.32 ± 0.80	HM162383
L. (5)	Vall d'Aran, on the way
	to the Restanca from
	Arties, Garnatje 234 &
	Vallès (BCN)
Valeriana montana	France: Hautes-Alpes,	P	2.51 ± 0.03					2.81 ± 0.69	2.35 ± 0.84
L. (6)	spontaneous in the
	Lautaret Bot. Gard.,
	Garnatje & Hidalgo
	221 (BC)
Valeriana montana	Spain, Catalonia: Lleida,	P	2.54 ± 0.03					2.52 ± 0.98	0.87 ± 0.77	HM162384
L. (7)	Vall d'Aran, on the way
	to the Restanca from
	Arties, Garnatje 235 &
	Vallès (BCN)
Valeriana montana	France: Hautes-Alpes,	P	2.60 ± 0.03	32	4x	0.65	2542.8	2.38 ± 0.83	1.36 ± 0.54
L. (8)	between Le Roy and Pise
	pass, Hidalgo 210 &
	Martin (BC)
Valeriana montana	France: Hautes-Alpes,	P	2.64 ± 0.05					2.48 ± 1.00	1.82 ± 0.70	HM162385
L. (9)	Gleize pass, Hidalgo 208
	& Martin (BC)
Valeriana montana	France: Hautes-Alpes,	P								HM162386
L. (10)	Galibier pass,
	4-VIII-2001, Hidalgo &
	Hidalgo (BC)
Valeriana cf.	Spain, Catalonia:	P	2.46 ± 0.03					3.65 ± 2.06	2.06 ± 0.67
montana L. (11)	Barcelona, Montserrat,
	2005, Casanova (BC)
Valeriana cf. montana L. (12)	France: Hautes-Alpes,	P	2.54 ± 0.02					3.3 ± 0.24	1.98 ± 0.60
	Gleize pass, VI-2005, Hidalgo & Romashchenko (BC)
Valeriana officinalis	Croatia: Dalmatia,	P	2.97 ± 0.04	14	2x	1.49	2904.7	4.07 ± 0.29	2.22 ± 0.49	HM162387
L. (1)	Biokovo Mt., 2006,
	Siljak-Yakovlev (BC)
Valeriana officinalis	France: Gard, Aigoual	P	3.16 ± 0.03					3.19 ± 0.24	1.44 ± 0.42	HM162388
L. (2)	Mt., 3-VI-2005, Hidalgo,
	Romashchenko &
	Romo (BC)
Valeriana officinalis	Spain, Catalonia:	P	4.62 ± 0.08					2.76 ± 0.48	3.60 ± 0.66
L. (3)	Girona, Llanars,
	Garnatje 169, D. Roca &
	J. Roca (BC)
Valeriana officinalis	Spain, Catalonia: Lleida,	P	6.51 ± 0.11					1.49 ± 1.01	2.89 ± 1.24
L. (4)	Vielha, 2005,
	Vallès (BCN)
Valeriana officinalis	Spain, Catalonia: Lleida,	P	8.05 ± 0.08					1.78 ± 0.76	2.91 ± 0.64
L. (5)	Vall d’Aran, Garnatje
	175 & Vallès (BCN)
Valeriana officinalis	Norway: Trs, Storfjord,	P	8.15 ± 0.25	ca. 56	8x	1.02	7970.7	1.40 ± 0.92	2.52 ± 1.67	HM162389
L. (6)	Rovijok, Bot. Gard.
	Oulu 2004/5-425
Valeriana officinalis	France: Gironde,	P	8.32 ± 0.10 (leaf)					3.14 ± 1.26 (leaf)	4.99 ± 0.49 (leaf)
L. (7)	Gradignan, V-2005,		8.09 ± 0.08 (root)					1.40 ± 1.11 (root)	5.83 ± 0.47 (root)
	Hidalgo &
	Revel-Hidalgo (BC)
Valeriana pyrenaica	Spain, Catalonia: Lleida,	P	1.26 ± 0.01	16	2x	0,6	1232.3	5.37 ± 0.64	2.81 ± 0.26	HM162390
L.	Vall d’Aran, Garnatje
	176 & Vallès (BCN)
Valeriana	France: Hautes-Alpes,	P	2.52 ± 0.05					2.16 ± 0.30	1.41 ± 0.51	HM162391
rotundifolia Vill.	Devoluy, La Cluse,
	Hidalgo 207 &
	Martin (BC)
Valeriana saliunca	France: Savoie, Galibier	P	1.46 ± 0.03	16	2x	0.73	1427.9	4.21 ± 0.36	3.21 ± 0.25	HM162392
All.	pass, Garnatje 166 &
	Vallès (BC)
Valeriana saxatilis	Italy: Apuan Alps,	P	1.05 ± 0.00					3.17 ± 0.28	2.21 ± 0.65
L. (1)	summit of Sagro Mt.,
	Hidalgo 213 (BC)
Valeriana saxatilis	Italy: Apuan Alps,	P	1.02 ± 0.01					3.62 ± 0.38	2.36 ± 0.24	HM162393
L. (2)	Hidalgo 217 (BC)
Valeriana tripteris	France: Hautes-Alpes,	P	1.46 ± 0.03	16	2x	0.73	1427.9	3.28 ± 0.71	1.79 ± 0.69
L. (1)	Lautaret pass, Hidalgo
	203 & Martin (BC)
Valeriana tripteris	France: Gard, Mt.	P	1.51 ± 0.01					4.01 ± 0.38	2.24 ± 0.48
L. (2)	Aigoual, 3-VI-2005,		(♀♂)					(♀♂)	(♀♂)
	Hidalgo, Romashchenko		1.52 ± 0.02					3.75 ± 0.24	2.12 ± 0.53
	& Romo (BC)		(♀)					(♀)	(♀)
Valeriana tripteris	France: Vaucluse, Mt.	P	1.51 ± 0.01	18	2x	0.76	1476.8	2.75 ± 0.35	1.34 ± 0.40	HM162394
L. (3)	Ventoux, Hidalgo 211 &
	Hidalgo (BC)
Valeriana tripteris	Spain, Catalonia: Lleida,	P	1.54 ± 0.03					5.63 ± 1.00	4.86 ± 1.03	HM162395
L. (4)	Espot, road to Espot Ski,
	17-VI-2007, Garnatje
	233 & Vallès (BCN)
Valeriana tripteris	Spain, Catalonia:	P	1.58 ± 0.06					3.88 ± 0.74	2.01 ± 0.81	HM162396
L. (5)	Girona, Setcases,
	Garnatje 170, D. Roca &
	J. Roca (BC)
Valeriana tripteris	France: Gard, Mt.	P								HM162397
L. (6)	Aigoual, 14-VII-00,
	Hidalgo (BC)
Valeriana cf.	Italy: Apuan Alps,	P	1.23 ± 0.06	32	4x	0.31	1202.9	3.93 ± 0.66	2.34 ± 0.98	HM162398
tripteris L. (7)	Hidalgo 218 (BC)
Valeriana	France: Les Sièges,	P	3.74 ± 0.03					2.96 ± 0.99	3.66 ± 0.42	HM162399
tuberosa L.	Mathez 1088 (MPU)

Valerianella coronata	Italy: Aymavilles,	A	0.48 ± 0.00	14	2x	0.24	469.44	0.59 ± 0.23	0.99 ± 0.53
(L.) DC. (1)	Cerignan, Bot. Gard.
	Cogne 2006/7-838
Valerianella coronata	France: Vaucluse, “la	A	0.53 ± 0.01	14	2x	0.27	518.34	8.90 ± 0.70	3.26 ± 0.65
(L.) DC. (2)	Bastide des Jourdans”,
(as V. pumila)	Cons. Bot. de Porquerolles
	1998-CO 2688
Valerianella dentata	France: Maine-et-Loire,	A	0.42 ± 0.01	16	2x	0.21	410.76	11.88 ± 2.54	0.55 ± 0.37
(L.) Pollich (1)	Montreuil-Bellay,
(as V. rimosa)	“Méron”, Bot. Gard.
	Nantes 2004-306
Valerianella dentata	Bot. Gard. Bonn	A	0.49 ± 0.01 (leaf)	16	2x	0.25	479.02	9.64 ± 0.85 (leaf)	1.09 ± 0.85 (leaf)
(L.) Pollich (2)	2004/5-23687		0.47 ± 0.02 (root)					8.69 ± 0.83 (root)	2.29 ± 0.74 (root)
Valerianella dentata	Italy, Sicily: Palermo,	A		16	2x					HM162400
(L.) Pollich (3)	Rocca Busambra-
	Ficuzza, Bot. Gard.
	Palermo 2006-756
Valerianella discoidea	Greece, Crete: Hania,	A		14	2x
Loisel	Bot. Gard. MNHN
	2005-96/14
Valerianella echinata	France: Aveyron, near	A	0.60 ± 0.01	16	2x	0.3	586.8	5.54 ± 2.24	2.16 ± 0.71
DC.	Brunas de Creissels
	(Larzac N.), Bernard
Valerianella eriocarpa	Italy, Sicily: Palermo,	A	0.47 ± 0.02	16	2x	0.24	459.66	6.31 ± 0.50	0.92 ± 0.86	HM162401
Desv. (1)	Rocca Busambra-
	Ficuzza, Bot. Gard.
	Palermo 2006-757
Valerianella eriocarpa	Bot. Gard. Nantes	A	0.54 ± 0.01	16	2x	0.29	528.12	10.07 ± 2.83	1.86 ± 0.61
Desv. (2)	2004-302
Valerianella locusta	France: Loire Atlantique,	A	0.44 ± 0.02	16	2x	0.22	430.32	11.37 ± 1.69	1.18 ± 0.84	HM162402
L. (1)	cheméré "Le Moulin",
	Bot. Gard. Nantes
	2004-303
Valerianella locusta L. (2) (as V. carinata)	France: Loire Atlantique,	A	0.49 ± 0.02	16	2x	0.25	479.22	8.50 ± 1.57	0.20 ± 0.19	HM162403
	Gard. Nantes 2004-301
Valerianella	Spain, Catalonia:	A	0.46 ± 0.02	16	2x	0.23	449.88	8.43 ± 1.29	0.22 ± 0.20
microcarpa Loisel	Tarragona, Ebre delta,
	2004, Pyke (BC)
Valerianella	Spain, Aragon:	A	0.52 ± 0.02	14–16	2x	0.26	508.56	7.78 ± 0.77	0.97 ± 0.92	HM162404
multidentata Loscos	Zaragoza, 2004,
& Pardo	Pyke (BC)
Valerianella pontica	Ukraine: Crimea,	A	0.51 ± 0.02		2x	0.26	498.78	11.47 ± 1.33	0.18 ± 0.10
Velen.	Boratinsky, Didukh,
	Romashchenko, Romo
	1029bis & Susanna (BC)
Valerianella turgida	Greece: Oxia, Bot. Gard.	A	0.39 ± 0.01	16	2x	0.2	381.42	12.15 ± 1.54	0.65 ± 0.67	HM162405
Betcke (1)	MNHN 2002-190
Valerianella turgida	Ukraine: Crimea,	A	0.47 ± 0.02	16	2x	0.24	459.66	7.49 ± 2.66	1.97 ± 0.52	HM162406
Betcke (2)	Boratinsky, Didukh,
	Romashchenko, Romo
	10171 & Susanna (BC)
Valerianella vesicaria	Israel: Judean Mts. Bot.	A	0.61 ± 0.05		2x	0.31	596.58	9.58 ± 2.98	0.36 ± 0.33
Moench	Gard. Tel Aviv 2001

¹Life cycle: A annual, P perennial. ² 2C nuclear DNA content (means ± SD of 10 measurements—two replicates for five individuals each). ³ somatic chromosome number. and ploidy levels are estimated through bibliographical record (using the database http://www.tropicos.org/), except those in bold, which were verified in this study. ⁴1C monoploid genome size (DNA content per basic chromosome set [31]). ⁵2C [Mbp]: Mbp [32].