Organocatalysis: Key Trends in Green Synthetic Chemistry, Challenges, Scope towards Heterogenization, and Importance from Research and Industrial Point of View

Table 2

Differences between homogeneous catalysts and heterogeneous catalysts.

Homogeneous catalysts	Heterogeneous catalysts
Same phase as reaction medium	Solid phase
Difficult separation	Easily separable
No recyclability	Recyclability and regeneration
Often high rates of reaction	Low rates of reaction
No diffusion control	Diffusion control
Robust to poisoning	Poisoning, deactivation
High selectivity	Low selectivity
Short life	Long catalytic life
Mild conditions	Energy-consuming process
Well understood mechanism	Poor mechanistic understanding