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ā | Example agent | FDA approved | Advantages | Disadvantages |
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Oral | Temozolomide | Yes | Noninvasive administration | Systemic toxicity, myelosuppression |
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Intravenous | Bevacizumab | Yes | Minimally invasive administration | Systemic toxicity, CNS hemorrhage, and thromboembolic events |
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Local polymers | Carmustine implant (Gliadel) | Yes | Delivery directly to tumor resection bed | Craniotomy for implantation required, small volume of drug distribution, and relying on diffusion, seizure, and infection |
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Intra-arterial | Bevacizumab | No | Minimally invasive superselective delivery to tumor feeding arteries | High first-pass drug extraction necessary |
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Intraventricular | Methotrexate | No | Ideal for intraventricular and leptomeningeal disease | Neurotoxicity, aseptic meningitis, need for ventricular access device, and limited value for parenchymal tumor |
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Intrathecal | Methotrexate | No | Ideal for intraspinal and leptomeningeal disease | Neurotoxicity, aseptic meningitis, need for lumbar infusion, and limited value for parenchymal tumor |
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Microdialysis | Methotrexate | No | Limiting systemic and neurotoxicity, tissue delivery, and sampling possible | Small volume of drug distribution, relying on diffusion |
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Convection-enhanced | Topotecan | No | Limiting systemic and neurotoxicity, diffusion independent, and continuous infusion with implantable pumps possible | Surgical implantation required |
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Intranasal | Perillyl alcohol | No | Noninvasive administration | Unpredictable targeting and volume of distribution, mucosal irritation |
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