Dry Powder Inhalers: A Focus on Advancements in Novel Drug Delivery Systems

Table 4

Example of microparticulate inhaled formulation along with the key findings.

Drug	Method of preparation	Major ingredient	Assembly, device and capsules, flow rate (L/min)	Percentage of FPF	Reference
Microparticles
Budesonide	SD	Lactohale 300 M : Pharmatose® 150 M (60 : 40)	ACI, Rotahaler, #3 HPMC, and 60 for 4 sec	34.50	[43]
Ciprofloxacin	co-SD	Mannitol	MSLI, Aerolizer, and 60 for 4 sec	43.5 ± 1.50	[44]
Ciclosporin	SFD	Tert-butyl alcohol and mannitol (5%)	ACI, Jethaler®, #2 HPMC, and 28.3 for 5 sec	36.4 ± 1.40	[45]
Dexamethasone	Vibrational SD	PCL and sodium deoxycholate	ACI, Aerolizer, #3 HPMC, and 28.3 for 8.5 sec	61.68 ± 1.28	[46]
Naringin	SD	Water-ethanol	TSI, Turbospin, #2 gelatin, and 60 for 5 sec	44.5 ± 1.54	[47]
Rifampicin	SD	Chitosan, ascorbic acid, and leucine	ACI, HPMC, and 60 for 10 sec	47.29	[48]
Rifampicin	SD	Dextran (Dex) and stearylamine grafted dextran	ACI and 60	77.51	[49]
Rifampicin	SD	Water : dichloromethane 80 : 20	ACI, Spinhaler, and 60 for 4 sec	58.00	[50]
Shuang-Huang-Lian corrugated particles	SD	D-Mannitol, lactose, and L-leucine	NGI, Cyclohaler®, #3 gelatin, and 60 for 4 sec	36.8 ± 1.90	[51]
Terbutaline sulfate	SD	L-leucine and low molecular wt. chitosan	MSLI, Spinhaler, #2 HPMC, and 60 for 2.5 sec	75.83 ± 2.59	[52]
Voriconazole	SD	Polylactide	ACI and RS01 dry powder inhaler	43.56 ± 0.13	[53]
Solid lipid microparticles
Salbutamol sulfate	SD	DPPC, CS, and L-leucine	TSI, Cyclohaler, gelatin, and 60 for 4 sec	42.70	[54]
Quercetin	O/W emulsification via a phase inversion technique followed by SD	Tristearin and phosphatidylcholine	NGI, Aerolizer, #3 gelatin, and 60 for 4 sec	20.5 ± 3.30	[55]
Budesonide	O/W emulsification via a phase inversion technique followed by SD	Pluronic F-68 and Compritol 888	MSLI, Aerolizer, #3 HPMC, and 60 for 4 sec	21.1 ± 0.60	[56]
Biopolymer based microparticles
Budesonide	Cation induced gelation method followed by LP	Sodium alginate, deacetylated chitosan, Pluronic F-68, and mannitol	ACI, Rotahaler, #3 HPMC, and 60 for 5 sec	60.09 ± 0.01	[57]
Budesonide	Cation induced gelation method followed by LP	Sodium alginate, deacetylated chitosan, Pluronic F-68, and mannitol	ACI, Rotahaler, #3 HPMC, and 60 for 5 sec	56.18 ± 0.01	[58]
Miscellaneous microparticles
Beclomethasone dipropionate ultrafine particles	Microfluidic antisolvent precipitation followed by homogenization and SD	NA	MSLI, Aerolizer, #3 HPMC, and 60 for 4 sec	68.39	[59]
Salbutamol sulphate sonocrystallized microparticles	Ultrasonication	Isopropyl alcohol	ACI, Rotahaler, gelatin, and 28.3 for 10 sec	44.21 ± 1.30	[60]
Salbutamol sulfate	Mechanofusion Process (dry coating processes)	MgSt	TSI, monodose inhaler device, #3 HPMC, and 60 for 4 sec	75.4 ± 1.00	[61]
Β-Estradiol	SD	Lactose and leucine (6% w/w)	ACI, Spinhaler, #2 gelatin, and 60; TSI, Spinhaler, #2 gelatin, and 60	73.4 ± 1.00; 85.0 ± 0.50	[62]

SD: spray drying; co-SD: closed spray drying; SFD: spray freeze drying; LP: lyophilization; PCL: poly(ε-caprolactone); CS: cholesterol; DPPC: dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine; MgSt: magnesium stearate.