Review Article

Imagine the Superiority of Dry Powder Inhalers from Carrier Engineering

Table 9

Force controlling agents commonly used in dry powder inhalers [89].

CategoryForce controlling agents

Amino acids (AA) and derivativesL-Leucine, isoleucine, trileucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, valine, aspartame, and acesulfame potassium

Natural and synthetic lung surfactants lipids and phospholipidsDipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC), dipalmitoyl phosphatidylethanolamine (DPPE), dipalmitoyl phosphatidylinositol (DPPI), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), lecithin, soya lecithin, laxiric acid and its salts (sodium lauryl sulphate and magnesium lauryl sulphate), triglycerides (Dynasan® 118 [a microcrystalline triglyceride], Cutina® HR [hydrogenated castor oil waxy powder])

Saturated fatty acid and derivativesBehenic acid, erucic acid, lauric acid, oleic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, and glyceryl behenate

Natural and synthetic mineralsAluminum dioxide, silicon dioxide, starch, talc, and titanium dioxide

Metal stearates and derivativesCalcium stearate, lithium stearate, magnesium stearate, sodium stearate, zinc stearate, sodium stearoyl lactylate, and sodium stearyl fumarate