Cumulative Impacts of Human Interventions and Climate Change on Mangrove Ecosystems of South and Southeast Asia: An Overview

Table 1

Environmental and ecological settings of Indo-Malayan mangroves.

Category	Indus River Delta	Godavari-Krishna mangroves	Sundarban mangroves	Burmese coast mangroves	Indochina mangroves	Sunda Shelf mangrove
	(a)	(b)	(c)	(d)	(e)	(f)
Type	Backwater estuarine	Deltaic/estuarine	Deltaic	Deltaic and coastal	Coastal	Coastal
Dominance	Transboundary	Domestic	Transboundary	Transboundary	Transboundary	Transboundary
Major river(s)	Indus	(i) Mahanadi; (ii) Godavari; (iii) Krishna	(i) Ganges; (ii) Brahmaputra; (iii) Meghna	Ayeyarwady	(i) Mekong; (ii) Red River	Mahakam River
Species richness*	4	34	36	41	40	43
Total forest area (sq·km)**	6000 (approx)	7000 (approx)	25000 (approx)	3822 (approx)	26936 (approx)	40000 (approx)
Mangrove under protected area (sq·km)**	823	920	2700	125	820	6,530
Occurrence	Western of India and eastern coast of Pakistan	Eastern coast of India (Orissa to Tamil Nadu)	(i) Bangladesh; (ii) India	(i) Myanmar; (ii) Thailand (west coast); (ii) Peninsular Malaysia	(i) Thailand (east coast); (ii) Cambodia; (iii) Vietnam; (iv) Malaysia; (v) Philippines	(i) Eastern Malaysia; (ii) Indonesia; (iii) Brunei
Status	Critically Degraded and fragmented	Degraded	Degraded	Critically degraded	Critically degraded	Degraded

*Species Richness varies significantly among different locations in each category. The highest reported species richness is mentioned here **Figures provide close approximation.
Source: Assimilated by authors from World Wide Fund for Nature Information Database on World Ecoregions [7, 8].