Statistical Assessment of Water Quality Parameters for Pollution Source Identification in Sukhnag Stream: An Inflow Stream of Lake Wular (Ramsar Site), Kashmir Himalaya

Table 1

Physicochemical characteristics of water of Sukhnag stream (February 2011 to January 2012).

S. no.	Parameters	Seasons	Site I	Site II	Site III	Site IV	Site V
1	Water temperature (°C)	Winter	2.33±1.23	3.00±0.87	5.33±2.52	5.83±3.82	7.16±5.34
		Cvar.%	52.90	29.06	47.19	65.47	74.60
		Spring	10.63±3.50	11.23±3.45	12.46±3.55	13.13±4.20	14.50±5.27
		Cvar.%	32.91	30.70	28.48	31.99	36.33
		Summer	20.16±2.75	21.80±1.80	22.78±1.34	23.80±1.47	24.33±2.52
		Cvar.%	13.66	8.24	5.87	6.16	10.34
		Autumn	15.66±7.57	16.70±7.15	17.53±7.06	18.10±6.77	20.00±7.81
		Cvar.%	48.30	44.70	40.20	37.50	39.05
2	Depth (m)	Winter	0.50±0.25	0.69±0.27	0.97±0.37	1.29±0.37	1.38±0.77
		Cvar.%	49.64	38.60	38.34	60.32	55.53
		Spring	2.30±0.68	2.50±0.40	2.97±0.69	2.90±0.41	3.18±0.44
		Cvar.%	29.58	15.98	23.39	14.14	13.80
		Summer	1.08±0.05	1.24±0.14	1.61±0.64	1.69±0.63	1.40±0.04
		Cvar.%	4.65	10.83	39.82	37.47	3.03
		Autumn	1.10±0.10	1.30±0.10	1.55±0.22	1.69±0.53	1.93±0.64
		Cvar.%	9.09	7.69	14.17	31.08	33.25
3	Velocity (m/s)	Winter	0.97±0.17	0.93±0.16	0.81±0.17	0.38±0.04	0.23±0.08
		Cvar.%	16.96	16.62	20.86	10.53	36.14
		Spring	1.51±0.20	1.41±0.19	1.09±0.14	0.65±0.10	0.39±0.03
		Cvar.%	13.47	13.34	12.84	15.33	7.24
		Summer	1.10±0.14	1.01±0.17	0.87±0.11	0.54±0.06	0.26±0.08
		Cvar.%	12.73	16.50	12.64	11.25	29.55
		Autumn	1.14±0.09	1.07±0.05	0.94±0.03	0.37±0.06	0.24±0.02
		Cvar.%	7.42	4.28	3.05	16.22	9.93
4	DO (mg/L)	Winter	13.4±0.45	12.4±0.23	11.2±0.12	10.1±0.06	9.76±0.06
		Cvar.%	3.35	1.86	1.02	0.57	0.59
		Spring	11.90±0.70	10.60±0.79	9.63±0.60	8.93±0.58	8.33±0.55
		Cvar.%	5.89	7.49	6.26	6.46	6.61
		Summer	9.76±0.32	8.83±0.47	8.16±0.29	7.06±0.31	6.46±0.31
		Cvar.%	3.29	5.35	3.53	4.32	4.72
		Autumn	12.43±0.74	11.40±0.66	9.63±1.10	8.26±1.01	7.99±0.91
		Cvar.%	5.93	5.75	11.43	12.18	11.36
5	Free CO2 (mg/L)	Winter	6.50±0.26	7.33±0.72	7.63±0.64	8.70±0.44	9.00±0.36
		Cvar.%	4.07	9.86	8.32	5.01	4.01
		Spring	5.00±0.60	7.16±0.76	7.93±0.45	10.06±1.00	10.83±1.56
		Cvar.%	12.00	10.66	5.68	9.95	14.43
		Summer	4.43±0.75	6.20±0.35	9.26±0.81	12.36±0.47	13.36±0.68
		Cvar.%	16.93	5.59	8.72	3.82	5.09
		Autumn	5.76±0.32	7.23±0.25	8.66±0.56	9.76±1.28	10.23±1.05
		Cvar.%	5.57	3.48	6.56	13.21	10.26
6	pH	Winter	7.77±0.17	7.67±0.04	7.40±0.33	7.53±0.02	7.65±0.38
		Cvar.%	2.31	0.57	4.48	0.35	5.05
		Spring	7.83±0.11	7.62±0.11	7.46±0.15	7.41±0.05	7.37±0.07
		Cvar.%	1.47	1.46	2.05	0.68	1.03
		Summer	8.07±0.21	7.56±0.32	7.44±0.14	7.34±0.03	7.26±0.07
		Cvar.%	2.64	4.36	1.97	0.41	1.08
		Autumn	7.91±0.05	7.69±0.01	7.51±0.01	7.51±0.08	7.47±0.07
		Cvar.%	0.64	0.13	0.23	1.08	1.04
7	Alkalinity (mg/L)	Winter	74.66±8.14	49.00±4.00	52.66±4.16	61.00±7.00	67.33±4.50
		Cvar.%	8.16	7.91	11.48	6.70	10.91
		Spring	57.66±8.14	63.33±7.57	82.33±8.50	90.33±5.50	97.33±5.50
		Cvar.%	14.12	11.96	10.33	6.10	5.66
		Summer	76.00±4.58	86.66±2.51	94.00±2.64	105.33±4.16	114.33±3.21
		Cvar.%	6.03	2.90	2.81	3.95	2.81
		Autumn	66.00±8.18	68.66±4.50	75.00±6.55	83.00±9.84	93.33±6.02
		Cvar.%	12.40	6.57	8.74	11.87	6.46
8	Chloride (mg/L)	Winter	7.26±1.67	8.56±0.58	10.25±2.19	12.30±1.84	12.91±1.17
		Cvar.%	22.92	6.74	21.39	14.95	9.07
		Spring	3.03±0.32	4.93±1.56	13.90±1.20	17.00±2.16	18.00±2.00
		Cvar.%	10.60	31.68	8.63	12.73	11.08
		Summer	4.70±0.50	5.36±0.45	13.60±1.91	14.40±1.64	14.54±0.50
		Cvar.%	10.64	8.40	14.03	11.36	3.47
		Autumn	5.06±1.16	7.00±0.70	9.96±0.87	13.20±1.31	14.02±1.72
		Cvar.%	22.88	10.00	8.77	9.94	12.30
9	Conductivity (µS/cm)	Winter	208.0±8.54	235.6±43.59	246.3±54.92	287.0±38.3	306.6±30.5
		Cvar.%	4.11	18.50	22.30	13.35	9.96
		Spring	269.3±19.6	297.0±24.7	263.3±44.8	353.3±30.9	396.6±20.8
		Cvar.%	7.28	8.34	17.04	8.77	5.25
		Summer	219.0±10.1	239.6±31.0	240.0±13.2	260.0±14.8	282.3±13.2
		Cvar.%	4.63	12.94	5.51	5.69	4.70
		Autumn	226.6±17.5	239.0±32.0	257.3±27.4	280.3±17.3	299.0±18.25
		Cvar.%	7.75	13.42	10.67	6.20	6.10
10	Total hardness (mg/L)	Winter	80.0±35.7	101.3±49.5	127.0±54.5	141.6±59.1	160.6±55.7
		Cvar.%	44.74	48.92	42.98	41.77	34.71
		Spring	129.3±12.5	166.6±29.2	179.3±26.86	195.6±24.0	257.0±33.81
		Cvar.%	9.67	17.57	14.98	12.27	13.15
		Summer	87.6±8.74	101.6±15.5	123.0±16.82	138.6±21.5	154.6±22.2
		Cvar.%	9.97	15.25	13.68	15.56	14.38
		Autumn	85.66±3.21	100.3±7.64	121.6±6.03	138.3±12.4	152.0±10.0
		Cvar.%	3.75	7.61	4.95	8.98	6.58
11	Calcium hardness (mg/L)	Winter	42.04±13.2	51.8±18.08	64.7±20.93	74.75±18.4	81.46±19.52
		Cvar.%	31.41	34.87	32.35	24.62	23.97
		Spring	70.38±4.44	87.73±11.15	98.36±4.32	106.4±9.8	115.3±11.0
		Cvar.%	6.31	12.71	4.39	9.25	9.55
		Summer	45.79±7.11	56.07±9.53	69.98±7.82	81.18±11.24	88.6±12.3
		Cvar.%	15.53	16.99	11.18	13.84	13.92
		Autumn	47.00±2.00	57.33±9.07	71.66±2.52	84.00±7.55	88.07±7.00
		Cvar.%	4.26	15.83	3.51	8.99	7.95
12	Magnesium hardness (mg/L)	Winter	9.22±5.74	12.02±8.21	15.13±8.53	16.26±9.91	19.24±8.81
		Cvar.%	62.25	68.26	56.33	60.94	45.77
		Spring	14.32±4.11	19.18±8.30	19.67±6.63	21.67±5.97	34.42±6.06
		Cvar.%	28.68	43.27	33.70	27.55	17.61
		Summer	10.17±1.54	11.07±1.94	12.88±3.04	13.96±3.74	16.03±2.63
		Cvar.%	15.17	17.51	23.60	26.75	16.39
		Autumn	9.39±0.37	10.44±0.72	12.15±1.26	13.20±1.58	15.53±0.72
		Cvar.%	3.95	6.98	10.39	11.97	4.70
13	Total solids (mg/L)	Winter	139.3±40.7	189.0±51.7	214.6±56.8	259.0±70.4	265.6±71.4
		Cvar.%	29.23	27.37	26.50	27.18	26.90
		Spring	330.0±74.0	400.0±68.9	450.3±82.6	487.0±93.3	481.6±89.2
		Cvar.%	22.42	17.25	18.35	19.17	18.53
		Summer	180.3±31.5	257.3±40.5	298.0±33.4	322.3±40.5	321.0±40.5
		Cvar.%	17.50	15.74	11.22	12.58	12.62
		Autumn	165.3±10.0	250.3±15.8	300.0±19	319.6±24.3	320.0±22.6
		Cvar.%	6.06	6.32	6.33	7.63	7.06
14	TDS (mg/L)	Winter	116.6±27.3	161.0±34.6	178.6±35.0	217.6±47.7	233.6±48.9
		Cvar.%	23.40	21.49	19.60	21.94	20.95
		Spring	251.33±50.33	295.0±39.1	317.0±43.2	341.3±50.21	353.3±50.5
		Cvar.%	20.03	13.27	13.65	14.71	14.30
		Summer	143.3±17.2	207.3±18.5	231.6±15.5	251.3±22.1	262.0±27.8
		Cvar.%	12.03	8.96	6.71	8.80	10.63
		Autumn	139.0±4.0	212.6±14.7	241.6±17.6	257.0±22.7	266.0±20.4
		Cvar.%	2.88	6.93	7.29	8.84	7.68
15	TSS (mg/L)	Winter	22.66±13.42	28.00±17.57	36.00±22.86	41.33±22.89	32.00±22.86
		Cvar.%	59.24	62.78	63.53	55.40	71.47
		Spring	78.66±23.86	105.00±29.86	133.33±39.39	145.66±43.13	128.33±38.8
		Cvar.%	30.33	28.44	29.55	29.61	30.24
		Summer	37.00±14.52	50.00±21.93	66.33±17.89	71.00±19	59.00±13.45
		Cvar.%	39.26	43.86	26.98	26.76	22.80
		Autumn	26.33±6.02	37.66±2.08	58.33±1.52	62.66±2.08	54.00±2.64
		Cvar.%	22.89	5.53	2.62	3.32	4.90
16	Orthophosphate (mg/L)	Winter	0.03±0.01	0.05±0.01	0.06±0.01	0.07±0.01	0.09±0.02
		Cvar.%	21.53	20.22	20.31	19.52	25.01
		Spring	0.08±0.02	0.10±0.02	0.11±0.02	0.11±0.02	0.13±0.01
		Cvar.%	23.06	17.50	14.16	13.91	8.08
		Summer	0.04±0.03	0.05±0.04	0.06±0.05	0.07±0.04	0.07±0.04
		Cvar.%	67.53	72.64	69.58	62.45	58.12
		Autumn	0.03±0.01	0.04±0.01	0.05±0.01	0.06±0.01	0.07±0.01
		Cvar.%	20.59	25.65	19.67	20.69	18.18
17	Total phosphorus (mg/L)	Winter	0.18±0.02	0.19±0.03	0.20±0.03	0.27±0.05	0.29±0.05
		Cvar.%	11.96	14.25	13.57	17.23	17.62
		Spring	0.23±0.02	0.28±0.03	0.28±0.01	0.38±0.01	0.41±0.02
		Cvar.%	7.93	11.41	2.81	1.59	4.82
		Summer	0.18±0.02	0.20±0.04	0.22±0.04	0.32±0.03	0.33±0.03
		Cvar.%	11.32	19.64	16.54	9.34	10.07
		Autumn	0.17±0.01	0.18±0.01	0.20±0.01	0.3±0.01	0.32±0.01
		Cvar.%	3.08	3.32	2.81	3.05	2.38
18	Ammoniacal nitrogen (mg/L)	Winter	0.08±0.02	0.11±0.04	0.13±0.04	0.15±0.04	0.16±0.05
		Cvar.%	25.81	30.81	32.31	29.09	26.67
		Spring	0.04±0.01	0.05±0.01	0.05±0.01	0.06±0.02	0.07±0.02
		Cvar.%	13.01	18.34	22.57	26.53	29.42
		Summer	0.03±0.00	0.04±0.00	0.04±0.01	0.05±0.00	0.06±0.01
		Cvar.%	4.06	9.61	10.42	7.91	7.94
		Autumn	0.05±0.02	0.07±0.038	0.09±0.03	0.09±0.03	0.10±0.04
		Cvar.%	42.04	48.91	43.26	41.12	45.92
19	Nitrite-nitrogen (mg/L)	Winter	0.007±0.00	0.01±0.00	0.01±0.00	0.01±0.00	0.01±0.00
		Cvar.%	30.12	20.15	22.43	19.50	29.61
		Spring	0.009±0.003	0.01±0.003	0.017±0.0	0.019±0.0	0.021±0.0
		Cvar.%	33.25	30.70	29.04	18.16	14.29
		Summer	0.028±0.004	0.03±0.007	0.04±0.004	0.04±0.008	0.06±0.01
		Cvar.%	14.69	20.46	9.52	16.70	16.64
		Autumn	0.016±0.005	0.018±0.006	0.02±0.012	0.021±0.005	0.02±0.01
		Cvar.%	35.87	37.13	52.83	23.59	34.48
20	Nitrate-nitrogen (mg/L)	Winter	0.26±0.02	0.39±0.04	0.47±0.07	0.50±0.10	0.51±0.10
		Cvar.%	8.44	10.47	16.15	19.91	19.42
		Spring	0.35±0.04	0.51±0.10	0.68±0.06	0.76±0.03	0.78±0.05
		Cvar.%	12.20	21.03	9.19	5.16	6.37
		Summer	0.30±0.02	0.44±0.06	0.51±0.09	0.56±0.09	0.58±0.10
		Cvar.%	8.08	14.00	17.48	17.33	18.42
		Autumn	0.29±0.02	0.44±0.04	0.49±0.01	0.52±0.02	0.53±0.01
		Cvar.%	7.14	9.30	2.35	3.87	3.51
21	Organic nitrogen (mg/L)	Winter	0.13±0.01	0.19±0.01	0.21±0.01	0.23±0.02	0.25±0.03
		Cvar.%	7.64	4.61	3.96	6.61	10.87
		Spring	0.20±0.03	0.27±0.03	0.29±0.03	0.31±0.03	0.35±0.04
		Cvar.%	15.08	10.78	10.59	11.11	12.02
		Summer	0.29±0.01	0.39±0.01	0.48±0.03	0.55±0.04	0.62±0.06
		Cvar.%	3.59	3.26	6.66	6.57	9.38
		Autumn	0.19±0.03	0.29±0.05	0.33±0.06	0.35±0.06	0.38±0.09
		Cvar.%	13.64	17.10	19.03	16.41	22.25
22	Total nitrogen (mg/L)	Winter	0.49±0.01	0.71±0.07	0.83±0.05	0.91±0.07	0.95±0.08
		Cvar.%	1.06	9.53	6.57	7.93	8.39
		Spring	0.60±0.07	0.87±0.13	1.05±0.08	1.16±0.05	1.23±0.07
		Cvar.%	11.11	15.04	7.39	4.69	5.47
		Summer	0.66±0.03	0.92±0.07	1.09±0.08	1.22±0.11	1.34±0.14
		Cvar.%	5.07	7.31	7.08	8.65	10.58
		Autumn	0.56±0.02	0.83±0.02	0.93±0.04	0.99±0.02	1.06±0.04
		Cvar.%	3.75	1.86	4.28	1.61	3.74
23	Calcium ion (mg/L)	Winter	16.83±5.28	20.77±7.24	25.91±8.38	29.93±7.34	32.62±7.81
		Cvar.%	31.41	34.87	32.35	24.62	23.97
		Spring	28.18±1.77	35.13±4.46	39.39±1.72	42.64±3.94	46.18±4.41
		Cvar.%	6.31	12.71	4.39	9.25	9.55
		Summer	21.22±7.84	25.98±9.68	32.24±10.43	37.53±13.15	40.79±13.18
		Cvar.%	36.94	37.29	32.36	35.05	32.32
		Autumn	18.82±0.8	22.96±3.63	28.7±1.0	33.64±3.02	35.27±2.80
		Cvar.%	4.26	15.83	3.51	8.99	7.95
24	Magnesium ion (mg/L)	Winter	3.91±1.22	4.83±1.68	6.02±1.94	6.96±1.71	7.58±1.81
		Cvar.%	31.41	34.87	32.35	24.62	23.97
		Spring	5.99±0.38	7.47±0.95	8.38±0.36	9.07±0.83	9.82±0.93
		Cvar.%	6.31	12.71	4.39	9.25	9.55
		Summer	4.96±1.94	6.08±2.42	7.53±2.61	8.78±3.28	9.55±3.33
		Cvar.%	39.21	39.77	34.69	37.43	34.96
		Autumn	4.18±0.177	5.10±0.80	6.37±0.22	7.47±0.67	7.83±0.62
		Cvar.%	4.26	15.83	3.51	8.99	7.95
25	Sodium (mg/L)	Winter	6.23±1.95	7.69±2.68	9.59±3.10	11.08±2.72	12.08±2.89
		Cvar.%	31.41	34.87	32.35	24.62	23.97
		Spring	9.39±0.59	11.71±1.48	13.13±0.57	14.21±1.31	15.39±1.47
		Cvar.%	6.31	12.71	4.39	9.25	9.55
		Summer	7.20±2.50	8.81±3.09	10.94±3.30	12.74±4.18	13.85±4.19
		Cvar.%	34.75	35.15	30.18	32.87	30.26
		Autumn	6.49±0.27	7.91±1.25	9.89±0.34	11.6±1.04	12.16±0.96
		Cvar.%	4.26	15.83	3.51	8.99	7.95
26	Potassium (mg/L)	Winter	1.55±0.48	1.92±0.67	2.39±0.77	2.77±0.68	3.02±0.72
		Cvar.%	31.41	34.87	32.35	24.62	23.97
		Spring	2.18±0.14	2.70±0.22	3.05±0.29	3.29±0.32	3.56±0.26
		Cvar.%	6.55	8.48	9.60	9.96	7.49
		Summer	1.56±0.43	1.90±0.49	2.37±0.56	2.76±0.70	2.98±0.62
		Cvar.%	28.08	26.28	23.79	25.56	20.84
		Autumn	1.70±0.07	2.08±0.32	2.60±0.09	3.05±0.27	3.20±0.25
		Cvar.%	4.26	15.83	3.51	8.99	7.95

Cvar.%: Percentage Co-variance.