Abstract
We analyze the generalized analytic function space Feynman integral and then defined a modified generalized analytic function space Feynman integral to explain the physical circumstances. Integration formulas involving the modified generalized analytic function space Feynman integral are established which can be applied to several classes of functionals.
1. Introduction
Let denote the one-parameter Wiener space, that is, the space of continuous real-valued functions on with , and let denote Wiener measure. Since the concept of the Feynman integral was introduced by Feynman and Kac, many mathematicians studied the “analytic” Feynman integral of functionals in several classes of functionals [1–7]. Recently the authors have introduced an approach to the solutions of the diffusion equation and the Schrödinger equation via the Fourier-type functionals on Wiener space [6].
The function space , induced by a generalized Brownian motion, was introduced by Yeh in [8] and studied extensively in [9–11]. In [11] the authors have studied the generalized analytic Feynman integral for functionals in a very general function space .
In this paper, we present an analysis of the generalized analytic Feynman integral on function space. We define a modified generalized analytic function space Feynman integral (AFSFI) and then explain the physical circumstances with respect to an anharmonic oscillator using the concept of the modified generalized analytic Feynman integral on function space.
The Wiener process used in [1–7] is stationary in time and is free of drift while the stochastic process used in this paper, as well as in [9–12], is nonstationary in time, is subject to a drift , and can be used to explain the position of the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process in an external force field [13].
2. Preliminaries
Let be an absolutely continuous real-valued function on with , , and let be a strictly increasing, continuously differentiable real-valued function with and for each . The generalized Brownian motion process determined by and is a Gaussian process with mean function and covariance function . By Theorem 14.2 in [14], the probability measure induced by , taking a separable version, is supported by (which is equivalent to the Banach space of continuous functions on with under the sup norm). Hence, is the function space induced by where is the Borel -algebra of . We then complete this function space to obtain where is the set of all Wiener measurable subsets of .
A subset of is said to be scale-invariant measurable provided for all , and a scale-invariant measurable set is said to be a scale-invariant null set provided for all . A property that holds except on a scale-invariant null set is said to hold scale-invariant almost everywhere(s-a.e.) [15].
Let be the Hilbert space of functions on which are Lebesgue measurable and square integrable with respect to the Lebesgue Stieltjes measures on induced by and ; that is, where denotes the total variation of the function on the interval .
For , let Then is an inner product on and is a norm on . In particular note that if and only if a.e. on . Furthermore is a separable Hilbert space. Note that all functions of bounded variation on are elements of . Also note that if and , then . In fact, since the two norms and are equivalent.
For and we let denote the Paley-Wiener-Zygmund (PWZ) stochastic integral. Following are some facts about the PWZ stochastic integral [10–12]. (1)The PWZ stochastic integral is essentially independent of the complete orthonormal set .(2)If is of bounded variation on , then the PWZ stochastic integral equals the Riemann-Stieltjes integral for s-a.e. .(3)The PWZ integral has the expected linearity properties.(4)For all , is a Gaussian random variable with mean and variance .
Throughout this paper we will assume that each functional we consider is scale-invariant measurable and that for each .
We finish this section by stating the notion of generalized analytic function space Feynman integral, cf. [10, 11].
Definition 1. Let denote the complex numbers, let , and let . Let be a measurable functional such that, for each , the function space integral exists. If there exists a function analytic in such that for all , then is defined to be the analytic function space integral of over with parameter , and for we write
Let be a real number and let be a functional such that exists for all . If the following limit exists, we call it the generalized AFSFI of with parameter and we write where through values in .
3. Analogue of the Generalized AFSFI
The differential equation is called the diffusion equation with initial condition , where is the Laplacian and is an appropriate potential function. Many mathematicians have considered the Wiener integral of functionals of the form where is a real number. It is a well-known fact that the Wiener integral of the functional having the form forms the solution of the diffusion equation (9) by the Feynman-Kac formula. If time is replaced by an imaginary time, this diffusion equation becomes the Schrödinger equation with the initial condition . Hence the solution to the Schrödinger equation (12) can be obtained via the analytic Feynman integral. An approach to finding the solution to the diffusion equation (9) and the Schrödinger equation (12) involves the harmonic oscillator ; for a more detailed study, see [6]. However, it can be difficult to obtain the solution for the diffusion equation (9) and the Schrödinger equation (12) with respect to anharmonic oscillators.
In this paper, we consider the following functional: where is a real number with respect to and is a real-valued function on . When for all and is independent of the value , the functional in (13) reduces the functional in (11). That is to say, our functional (13) is more generalized compared with the functional in (11). Hence, all results and formulas for the functional in (11) are special cases of our results and formulas.
We will now explain the importance of the functionals given by (13). For a positive real number , when the potential function is , the diffusion equation (9) is called the diffusion equation for a harmonic oscillator with . For , is just the translation of ; thus, it is called the diffusion equation for a harmonic oscillator with . However, for an appropriate function on , may be an anharmonic oscillator. For example, consider the following.(1)If on , then In this case, the diffusion equation (9) is called the diffusion equation for anharmonic oscillator with because it contains the “-term.” This means that the status of the harmonic oscillator can be exchanged for the status of the anharmonic oscillator under certain physical circumstances. We can explain this phenomenon by considering the Wiener integral of the functional in (13).(2)For a real number , if on , then In this case, the diffusion equation (9) is called the diffusion equation for double-well potential with . As such, it is a harmonic oscillator.(3)Furthermore, we see that, for , and , provided . Thus, the functionals presented in this paper are more meaningful than the functionals given in previous papers [6, 11]. This also has implications regarding the generalizations of our research observations.
We are now ready to state the definition of the modified generalized AFSFI.
Definition 2. Let be given. Let be such that, for each , the function space integral exists for all where is a nonnegative real number which depends on . If there exists a function analytic in such that for all , then is defined to be the modified analytic function space integral of over with parameter , and for we write
Let be a real number and let be a functional such that exists for all . If the following limit exists, we call it the modified generalized AFSFI of with parameter and we write where approaches through values in .
Remark 3. We have the following assertions with respect to the modified generalized AFSFI. (1)If on or , then we can write (2)In the setting of classical Wiener space (in our research, when and on ), our modified generalized AFSFI, the generalized AFSFI, and the analytic Feynman integral coincide. Hence all results and formulas in [2, 3, 5, 6, 16] are corollaries of our results and formulas in this paper.
We conclude this section by listing several integration formulas for simple functionals to compare with the generalized AFSFI and the modified generalized AFSFI. For all nonzero real number , we have Tables 1 and 2.
4. Some Properties for the Modified Generalized AFSFI
In this section we establish a Fubini theorem for the modified analytic function space integrals and the modified generalized AFSFIs for functionals on . We also use these Fubini theorems to establish various modified generalized analytic Feynman integration formulas.
First, we define a function to simply express many results and formulas in this paper. For , define a function by where and . Note that is a symmetric function for all . In this paper we will assume that, for all and , , and , , are always chosen to have positive real parts.
In our first theorem, we show that the modified generalized AFSFIs are commutative.
Theorem 4. Let and be elements of and let be a functional defined on such that for all nonzero real numbers and . Then for all , where means that if either side exists, both sides exist and equality holds.
Proof. First, using the symmetric property, for all , This can be analytically continued in and for and so we have, for all , Next, let be a subset of containing the point and it is such that implies that . Note that the function is continuous on and is uniformly continuous on provided is compact. Then by the continuity of and (27), we can establish (25) as desired.
The following theorem was established in [12, 17]. Formula (29) is called the Fubini theorem with respect to the function space integrals.
Theorem 5. Let be as in Theorem 4 above. Then
To establish Theorem 7, we need the following lemma.
Lemma 6. Let be as in Theorem 4 above. Then for all with , where and .
Proof. Using (29), it follows that for and This last expression is defined for and . For , it can be analytically continued in . Also for , it can be analytically continued in . Therefore since and implies that , we conclude that the last expression in proof of Lemma 6 can be analytically continued into to equal the analytic function space integral which completes the proof of Lemma 6 as desired.
The following theorem is the main result with respect to the modified generalized AFSFI.
Theorem 7. Let be as in Lemma 6 above. Then for all with , where and .
Proof. First note that, for all with , if and , then . Now using this fact and (30) it follows that where and are as in Lemma 6. Hence we complete the proof as desired.
Equations (35)–(37) below follow by mathematical induction and Theorem 7 above.
Corollary 8. Let be as in Theorem 7 above. Then one has the following assertions.(1)For all , where .(2)For all with for , where , and . Furthermore, where .
Next we establish some integration formulas with respect to the modified generalized AFSFIs.(1)A formula showing that the double modified generalized AFSFIs can be expressed by just one modified generalized AFSFI. For all with , where . Furthermore, if , then (2)A relationship between the modified generalized AFSFI and the generalized AFSFI. For all with , where and .(3)A formula relating the modified generalized AFSFI and the generalized AFSFI. For all ,
5. Examples
In this section, we provide several brief examples in which we apply our formulas and results.
5.1. Banach Algebra
Let be the space of complex-valued, countably additive Borel measures on . The Banach algebra consists of those functionals on expressible in the form for s-a.e. where the associated measure is an element of .
Example 1. Let be a fixed nonzero real number. Let be given by (42) above. Suppose that corresponding measure of satisfies the condition
Then for all nonzero real number with ,
where
Next, using Theorem 7, we can compute the double generalized AFSFIs of by just one modified generalized AFSFI. That is to say, for all with and ,
where and . Furthermore the last expression in (46) equals the expression
5.2. The Fourier Transform of a Complex-Valued Measure
For given and with , , let be the Gaussian measure given by where . Then is a complex-valued Borel measure on and where is the Fourier transform of the Gaussian measure .
Example 2. Let be any orthonormal set in and let be the functional defined by where for all . Then for all nonzero real number , where . Using Theorem 7, we can compute the double generalized AFSFIs of given by (50) by just one modified generalized AFSFI. That is to say, for all with , where and . Furthermore, the last expression in (52) equals the expression
5.3. The Generalized Fourier-Hermite Functional on Function Space
For each , and for each , let denote the generalized Hermite polynomial
Then for each , the set is a complete orthonormal set in . Now we define
The functionals in (56) are called the generalized Fourier-Hermite functionals. It is known that these functionals form a complete orthonormal set in ; that is to say, let and, for , let where is the generalized Fourier-Hermite coefficient,
Then is called the generalized Fourier-Hermite series expansion of . In (59), the limit is taken in the -sense.
Example 3. Let be a nonzero real number and let be the generalized Fourier-Hermite functional given by (56) above. Then for all nonzero real number with , the modified generalized AFSFI of exists and it is given by the formula where The last expression is valid because the generalized Hermite functional is a polynomial with degree and hence it has an analytic extension.
Remark 9. Since the set of generalized Fourier-Hermite functionals is a complete orthonormal set in , we could extend the results for functionals in under the appropriate conditions.
6. Conclusions
In Section 3, we presented our analysis of the generalized AFSFI and defined the modified generalized AFSFI. Furthermore we explained the physical circumstances with respect to an anharmonic oscillator using the concept of the modified generalized AFSFI. That is to say, we introduced some new concepts in order to explain various physical circumstances. In Section 4, we established some relationships with respect to the modified generalized AFSFI involving the generalized AFSFI; see Theorem 7. Finally, we applied our results to various classes of functionals studied in [2, 4, 10, 11].
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank the referees for their helpful suggestions which led to the present version of this paper. This research was Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Science, ICT & Future Planning (2012R1A1A1004774).