Abstract
In the present paper, we study a mathematical model of an imperfect testing infectious disease model in the sense of the Mittage-Leffler kernel. The Banach contraction principle has been used for the existence and uniqueness of solutions of the suggested model. Furthermore, a numerical method equipped with Lagrangian polynomial interpolation has been utilized for the numerical outcomes. Diagramming and discussion are used to clarify the effects of related parameters in the fractional-order imperfect testing infectious disease model.
1. Introduction
The aggregate of human microbiota is called human microbiome, including viruses, bacteria, protists, archaea, and fungi. These microbiomes live in or on our body including the skin, placenta, mammary glands, seminal fluid, ovarian follicles, uterus, lung, oral mucosa, conjunctiva, saliva, biliary, and gastrointestinal tract [1]. A number of infectious maladies are caused by these mirobiome such as influenza, malaria, dengue, Ebola, COVID-19, HIV/AIDS, rabies, syphilis, yellow fever, hepatitis, Zika virus infection, and tuberculosis [2]. Yearly, 9.2 million people died due to infectious diseases [3, 4]. Due to this life-threatening situation, health departments spend more money to reduce the outbreak of infectious maladies. Several techniques were applied to minimize the exposure of infectious diseases, such as prevention measures, screening, testing diagnostics, education, and counseling. Among all of these techniques, testing diagnostics is a very useful tool to identify the infected individuals and susceptible. For the laboratory test, a sample is required such as a stool, tissue, cerebrospinal fluid, genital area, mucus from the nose, blood, sputum, urine, stool, and throat. There are two main types after testing, germ-negative and germ-positive. If the individual can identify as germ-positive then a proper treatment begins for the disease. Sometimes, the test results suffer due to test imperfections. These effects come from sensitivity and specificity, which might be useful when trying to mitigate an epidemic.
Mathematics plays an effective rule in modeling to understand the dynamical behavior of complex phenomena in the life sciences. By mathematical models, one can easily know the basic properties of the complex system such as severity, clinical features, structures, risk analysis, evaluated interventions, and various transmission forms of viruses have been studied along with different dimensions, see for more details, [5–7]. Bernoulli [8] for the first time formulated a mathematical model for infectious diseases and analyzed the impact of prevention smallpox vaccines and life tables. After that, numbers of models have been systemized for infectious maladies such as control strategies for tuberculosis [9], sexually transmitted infections [10], human immunodeficiency virus [11], control of foot and mouth disease epidemic in the UK in 2001 [12], Middle East respiratory syndrome corona virus (MERS-CoV) [13], and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) [14].
Fractional calculus is a generalization of classical calculus. Fractional calculus has lately gained popularity due to its remarkable properties, nonsingular, nonlocal, and memory and filter effects. Researchers of various disciplines are applying the fractional-order operators to real-life phenomena to study the behavior of the models theoretically and numerically. Atangana [15] studied Markovian and non-Markovian, Gaussian and non-Gaussian, and random and nonrandom properties of the fractional derivative, providing numerical examples. Bonyah et al. [16] formulated a human African trypanosomiasis model consisting of an AB-fractional operator and provide numerical solutions. Khan et al. [17] provided an HIV-TB model including AB-fractional derivative and analyzed the model for well-posedness, stability analysis, and numerical solutions. Koca in [18] studied the AB-fractional spread Ebola virus model for the existence of solutions and illustrated the results numerically. Khan et al. [19] considered the AB-fractional-order HIV/AIDS model and applied the fixed point theorem for the existence results and studied the stability analysis. Atangana [20] analyzed the numerical approximations for fractional differentiation based on the Riemann-Liouville definition, from the power law kernel to the generalized Mittag-Leffler law via the exponential decay law.
In this paper, we investigate the dynamical behavior of the fractional-order ITI disease model. The integer-order derivative of the model is replaced by fractal fractional operator in the sense of the Mittage-Leffler kernel. To study the existence of solutions and numerical simulations for the fractional-order ITI disease model. The paper is organized as follows: in Section 2, the definition of fractal fractional operators is shown. In Section 3, the model formulation is discussed. In Section 4, existence and uniqueness of solutions are shown. In Section 5, the numerical scheme is discussed. In Section 6, the numerical discussion and data fitting is discussed. In Section 7, the conclusion is discussed.
2. Preliminaries
Here, we will discuss some definitions which are utilized in the main proof of this study [21–24].
Definition 1 (see [22]). Let be a continuous and fractal differential in the open interval with ; then, the fractal fractional operator in the sense of Caputo with power law is characterized asThe generalized form is given as
Definition 2 (see [22]). Let be a continuous and fractal differential in the open interval with ; then, the fractal fractional operator , in the sense of Caputo with the exponential decay kernel, is characterized asThe generalized form given aswhere is the normalization function such that .
Definition 3 (see [22, 23]). Let be a continuous and fractal differential in the open interval with ; then, the fractal fractional operator , in the sense of Caputo with the generalized Mittage-Leffler kernel, is characterized asThe generalized form is given aswhere is normalization function such that .
Definition 4 (see [21, 22]). Assume that is a continuous and fractal differential in the open interval with then the fractal fractional integral , in the sense of the power law kernel, is characterized as
Definition 5 (see [21, 22]). Let be a continuous and fractal differential in the open interval with then the fractal fractional integral , in the sense of the exponential kernel, is characterized as
Definition 6 (see [21, 22]). Let be a continuous and fractal differential in the open interval with then the fractal fractional integral , in the sense of the Mittage-Leffler kernel, is characterized as
3. Model Formulation
In this section, we will study the dynamics of the ordinary differential equations of the infectious disease model formulated in the reference therein [25–27], which is leveraged from the SIR system. This model has two main components, , a stand for rate of suspectable individual tested, , infected cases which is tested positive and started treatment. While denotes susceptible, denotes infected and denotes the class of recovered individuals. The following SSIIR model:
where denotes the rate of infected susceptible individuals, denotes the rate of susceptible individuals that are tested and deemed incorrectly, and denotes the rate of effectively infected individuals. For this model, is assumed, denotes total population, denotes the rate of converging from susceptible to susceptible-infected-deemed, is the sensitivity, rate of treatment, γ rate of recovered individuals, and denotes the rate of recovered infected-undertreatment that assumed in the model.
The predominant of this paper is to study the existence of results and numerical analysis of fractal fractional-order ITI disease model. In the upcoming section, we are going to produce existence of solution for the model (10) and later on the uniqueness of solution is our interest. For these, we need to define the following Banach’s space. Consider , where , for , with a norm defined by .
Then, clearly is a Banach space.
4. Existence and Uniqueness of Solutions
In this section, the fixed point theorem is used to investigate the existence and uniqueness of the results for the fractional-order ITI disease model. The integer operator of the model (10) is replaced by a fractal fractional operator
with initial boundary value conditions
For simplicity, we write the system:
Furthermore, the above system (11) can be written aswhere and stand for
By applying Definition (3), to (14), we get the following form:
Now, by employing Definition (6), with (16), we get the following form:
Let us consider here:where and . Now, assume .
Let us define a norm:
Now, consider operator such that
First, we will show . For this, we have
Consider and putting in Equation (21), then we get the following:
which yields
Now, consider for any , then, we have
As is a contraction, then we have
Therefore, is a contraction if
Then, we have
such that
Hence, by necessary condition, the proposed fractional-order ITI disease model (11) has a unique solution.
5. Numerical Scheme
We consider the ITI disease model (10), in the sense of the fractal fractional Mittag-Leffler Kernel
For simplicity,
By applying the Atangan-Baleanu integral operator to Equation (29), which deduced to the following form:
For the numerical scheme fitting in Equation (35), which deduced to the below form:
By approximating the integral in the above system (40), then we get
Now, by applying the Lagrangian interpolation polynomial piecewise which yields the following form:
6. Discussion and Numerical Results
A numerical scheme utilized to obtain the approximate solutions for the fractal fractional-order ITI disease model. Different scenarios have been discussed for the fractal fractional-order ITI disease model by choosing different parametric values and testing rates for the model. We observed that as the testing rate increasing; then, the incidence decreased effectively. We apply the aforementioned iterative scheme for the numerical analysis to demonstrate graphically the fractal fractional ITI disease model. To examine the dynamical behavior of the model, we choose suitable constant values for the parameters used in the model.
Figure 1 shows the effect of testing rate increasing and different order values of fractal fractional operator. By choosing the parametric values involved in the fractional-order ITI disease model such that , , , , , , and and assuming initial conditions for S, Sm,I, Im and R. (c) and (d) show the infected class decreasing as the value increases.
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Figure 2 shows the effect of testing rate increasing and different order values of fractal fractional operator. By choosing the parametric values involved in the fractional order ITI disease model such that , , , , , , and and assuming initial conditions for S, Sm, I, Im, and R. (c) and (d) show the infected class decreasing as the κ value increasing.
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Figure 3 shows the effect of testing rate increasing and different order values of fractal fractional operator. By choosing the parametric values involved in the fractional order ITI disease model such that , β =0.15, , , , , and and assuming initial conditions for S, Sm, I, Im, and R. (c) and (d) shows the infected class decreasing as the value increases.
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7. Conclusion
In this article, we study the theoretical and numerical aspects of the fractal fractional ITI disease model in the sense of the Mittag-leffler kernel. The existence of a solution is derived with the help of a fixed point theorem for the proposed model. Different scenarios have been investigated for fractal fractional-order ITI disease models by choosing different parametric values and testing rates for the model. We observed that as different fractional orders for and testing rate increase, then the infected class decreased effectively. The numerical approximate solutions achieved by Lagrangian polynomial piecewise interpolation iterative method. Furthermore, one can study the stability analysis fractal fractional-order ITI disease model by using various types of approaches.
Data Availability
The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Authors’ Contributions
All authors contributed equally in writing this article. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Acknowledgments
This research was funded by the Deanship of Scientific Research at Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University through the Fast-track Research Funding Program to support publication in the top journal (Grant no. 42-FTTJ-58).