Research Article
Electron Microscopic Studies of Ilmenite from the Chhatrapur Coast, Odisha, India, and Their Implications in Processing
Table 1
EPMA results (in wt.%) of various ilmenite grains from the Chhatrapur coast.
| | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 |
| Al2O3 | 0.061 | 0.001 | 0.036 | 0.08 | 0.087 | 0.028 | 0 | 0.07 | 0.046 | 0.036 | 0.008 | 0.038 | 0.031 | 0.028 | 0.019 | 0.005 | 0.057 | 0.062 | 0.011 | 0.04 | FeO | 44.368 | 45.242 | 45.877 | 44.638 | 45.053 | 45.768 | 46.394 | 42.719 | 45.329 | 45.355 | 47.691 | 49.987 | 44.685 | 43.729 | 45.301 | 46.781 | 45.387 | 44.539 | 45.935 | 47.109 | MgO | 0.959 | 0.185 | 0.375 | 0.666 | 0.659 | 0.17 | 0.512 | 0.248 | 0.951 | 0.225 | 0.071 | 1.254 | 0.707 | 1.357 | 0.554 | 0.429 | 0.863 | 0.729 | 0.069 | 0.399 | MnO | 0.281 | 0.28 | 0.202 | 0.22 | 0.205 | 0.283 | 0.477 | 0.346 | 0.244 | 0.294 | 0.579 | 0.41 | 0.286 | 0.125 | 0.493 | 0.161 | 0.501 | 0.177 | 0.147 | 0.206 | CaO | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.018 | 0 | 0.013 | 0 | 0.061 | 0.019 | 0.021 | 0.006 | 0.014 | 0.007 | 0 | 0.002 | 0.005 | 0 | 0 | 0.003 | 0.013 | Na2O | 0 | 0.071 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.003 | 0.023 | 0.01 | 0.056 | 0 | 0.05 | 0 | 0.004 | 0.012 | 0.009 | 0.19 | 0.223 | 0.026 | 0.039 | TiO2 | 53.708 | 53.741 | 53.114 | 55.094 | 53.503 | 53.231 | 51.488 | 55.411 | 52.455 | 53.027 | 50.25 | 45.665 | 53.282 | 54.656 | 52.228 | 52.153 | 52.683 | 53.933 | 53.883 | 51.574 | Cr2O3 | 0.041 | 0.018 | 0.043 | 0.016 | 0.023 | 0.048 | 0.033 | 0.025 | 0.025 | 0.08 | 0.028 | 0.054 | 0.019 | 0.015 | 0.053 | 0.036 | 0.089 | 0.017 | 0 | 0.048 | NiO | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.003 | 0 | 0.028 | 0 | 0.023 | 0.034 | 0 | 0.013 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.051 | ZnO | 0.164 | 0 | 0.008 | 0 | 0 | 0.049 | 0.038 | 0.041 | 0.009 | 0 | 0.021 | 0 | 0.016 | 0.233 | 0 | 0.044 | 0 | 0 | 0.031 | 0 | ZrO2 | 0 | 0 | 0.012 | 0 | 0.012 | 0 | 0.016 | 0 | 0 | 0.036 | 0 | 0 | 0.009 | 0.011 | 0.035 | 0 | 0 | 0.01 | 0.011 | 0.028 | HfO2 | 0 | 0 | 0.015 | 0 | 0.003 | 0 | 0.034 | 0.033 | 0.026 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.021 | 0.029 | 0 | 0 | 0.02 | V2O5 | 0.292 | 0.29 | 0.286 | 0.294 | 0.293 | 0.287 | 0.284 | 0.306 | 0.287 | 0.287 | 0.273 | 0.247 | 0.289 | 0.295 | 0.284 | 0.286 | 0.276 | 0.295 | 0.296 | 0.279 | Total | 99.874 | 99.828 | 99.968 | 101.03 | 99.838 | 99.877 | 99.279 | 99.283 | 99.404 | 99.417 | 98.955 | 97.719 | 99.354 | 100.49 | 98.981 | 99.943 | 100.08 | 99.985 | 100.41 | 99.806 | Ti/Ti + Fe | 0.483 | 0.478 | 0.472 | 0.488 | 0.478 | 0.473 | 0.461 | 0.500 | 0.472 | 0.474 | 0.448 | 0.413 | 0.479 | 0.491 | 0.471 | 0.462 | 0.472 | 0.483 | 0.475 | 0.458 | Based on | 6(O) | 6(O) | 6(O) | 6(O) | 6(O) | 6(O) | 6(O) | 6(O) | 6(O) | 6(O) | 6(O) | 6(O) | 6(O) | 6(O) | 6(O) | 6(O) | 6(O) | 6(O) | 6(O) | 6(O) |
| Al | 0.0036 | 0 | 0.0021 | 0.0046 | 0.0051 | 0.0016 | 0 | 0.0041 | 0.0027 | 0.0022 | 0.0005 | 0.0023 | 0.0018 | 0.0016 | 0.0012 | 0.0003 | 0.0034 | 0.0036 | 0.0006 | 0.0024 | Fe | 1.8524 | 1.8978 | 1.9269 | 1.8373 | 1.8862 | 1.9245 | 1.9752 | 1.7695 | 1.9123 | 1.9142 | 2.0545 | 2.2158 | 1.8799 | 1.8053 | 1.9236 | 1.9758 | 1.9035 | 1.8575 | 1.9188 | 1.9976 | Mg | 0.0714 | 0.0139 | 0.0281 | 0.0489 | 0.0492 | 0.0127 | 0.0389 | 0.0183 | 0.0715 | 0.0169 | 0.0054 | 0.099 | 0.053 | 0.0999 | 0.042 | 0.0323 | 0.0645 | 0.0054 | 0.0057 | 0.0301 | Mn | 0.0119 | 0.0119 | 0.0086 | 0.0092 | 0.0087 | 0.012 | 0.0206 | 0.0145 | 0.0104 | 0.0126 | 0.0253 | 0.0184 | 0.0122 | 0.0052 | 0.0212 | 0.0069 | 0.0213 | 0.0075 | 0.0062 | 0.0088 | Ca | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.0009 | 0 | 0.0007 | 0 | 0.0032 | 0.001 | 0.0011 | 0.0003 | 0.0008 | 0.0004 | 0 | 0.0001 | 0.0003 | 0 | 0 | 0.0002 | 0.0007 | Na | 0 | 0.0069 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.0003 | 0.0022 | 0.001 | 0.0055 | 0 | 0.0052 | 0 | 0.0004 | 0.0012 | 0.0009 | 0.0185 | 0.0215 | 0.0025 | 0.0038 | Ti | 2.0165 | 2.0272 | 2.0061 | 2.0392 | 2.0143 | 2.0128 | 1.9713 | 2.0825 | 1.99 | 2.0125 | 1.9466 | 1.8203 | 2.0157 | 2.0291 | 1.9943 | 1.9808 | 1.9868 | 2.0227 | 2.024 | 1.9666 | Cr | 0.0016 | 0.0007 | 0.0017 | 0.0006 | 0.0009 | 0.0019 | 0.0013 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.0033 | 0.0011 | 0.0023 | 0.0008 | 0.0006 | 0.0021 | 0.0014 | 0.0035 | 0.0007 | 0 | 0.0019 | Ni | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.0001 | 0 | 0.0012 | 0 | 0.0009 | 0.0013 | 0 | 0.0005 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.0021 | Zn | 0.006 | 0 | 0.0003 | 0 | 0 | 0.0018 | 0.0014 | 0.0015 | 0.0003 | 0 | 0.0008 | 0 | 0.0006 | 0.0085 | 0 | 0.0017 | 0 | 0 | 0.0011 | 0 | Zr | 0 | 0 | 0.0003 | 0 | 0.0003 | 0 | 0.0004 | 0 | 0 | 0.0009 | 0 | 0 | 0.0002 | 0.0003 | 0.0009 | 0 | 0 | 0.0002 | 0.0003 | 0.0007 | Hf | 0 | 0 | 0.0002 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.0005 | 0.0005 | 0.0004 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.0003 | 0.0004 | 0 | 0 | 0.0003 | V | 0.0117 | 0.0117 | 0.0115 | 0.0116 | 0.0118 | 0.0116 | 0.0116 | 0.0122 | 0.0116 | 0.0116 | 0.0113 | 0.0105 | 0.0116 | 0.0117 | 0.0116 | 0.0116 | 0.0111 | 0.0118 | 0.0118 | 0.0114 | Total | 3.9751 | 3.9701 | 3.9858 | 3.9523 | 3.9765 | 3.9796 | 4.0215 | 3.9095 | 4.0023 | 3.9808 | 4.047 | 4.1746 | 3.9771 | 3.9639 | 3.9982 | 4.0128 | 4.013 | 3.9309 | 3.9712 | 4.0264 |
| End member composition | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Pyrophanite | 0.6148 | 0.6186 | 0.438 | 0.4854 | 0.4475 | 0.6156 | 1.0124 | 0.8045 | 0.5215 | 0.6482 | 1.2133 | 0.7886 | 0.6272 | 0.2722 | 1.067 | 0.3424 | 1.0707 | 0.401 | 0.3211 | 0.4321 | Gaekelite | 3.6886 | 0.7226 | 1.431 | 2.5799 | 2.5307 | 0.6515 | 1.9118 | 1.0154 | 3.5854 | 0.8695 | 0.259 | 4.2431 | 2.7248 | 5.2293 | 2.114 | 1.603 | 3.2423 | 0.2898 | 0.2952 | 1.478 | Ilmenite | 95.697 | 98.659 | 98.131 | 96.935 | 97.022 | 98.733 | 97.076 | 98.18 | 95.893 | 98.482 | 98.528 | 94.968 | 96.648 | 94.499 | 96.819 | 98.055 | 95.687 | 99.309 | 99.384 | 98.09 |
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