Strong Exponential Attractors for Weakly Damped Semilinear Wave Equations

Abstract

In this paper, we investigate the longtime dynamics for the damped wave equation in a bounded smooth domain of . The exponential attractor is investigated in a strong energy space for the case of subquintic nonlinearity, which is based on the recent extension of the Strichartz estimate for the case of a bounded domain. The results obtained complete some previous works.

1. Introduction

Let be a bounded domain with smooth boundary. Given , we consider the following weakly damped wave equation:

Here, is independent of time and the nonlinear function with and satisfies the following conditions:where and is the first eigenvalue of on with Dirichlet boundary condition.

Denote by and the inner product and norm in . For the sake of convenience, we define Hilbert spaces , , and .

Dissipative wave equations arise as an evolutionary mathematical model in various systems for the relevant physical application including electrodynamics, quantum mechanics, and nonlinear elasticity (see e.g., [1]). The longtime behavior of problem (1) is of a big permanent interest (see e.g. [2–5]), which depends strongly on the growth rate of the nonlinearity . For a long time, in a bounded smooth domain of , the global well-posedness for problem (1) holds only in the case of subcubic or cubic nonlinearity (that is, the exponent in 1.2 less or equals to 3), in which the uniqueness is verified by the technology of Sobolev embedding in general. Therefore, the cubic growth rate of nonlinearity had been considered as a critical one for the case of 3- bounded domain. Consequently, the existence of global attractors for the weakly damped wave equations in the natural energy space as well as its regularities only had been known for the case , that is, the nonlinear term at most can be cubic growth in 3- bounded domain (see [2, 3, 5, 6] and the references therein).

The case of supercubic growth rate is a bit more complicated since the uniqueness of energy weak solutions is unknown for the supercubic case (e.g., see [7]). However, this problem can be overcome using slightly more regular solutions than the energy ones. These solutions are the so-called Shatah–Struwe solutions. Recently, with the help of the suitable versions of Strichartz estimates, the global well-posedness of quintic wave equation in terms of Shatah–Struwe solutions in 3- smooth bounded domains has been obtained in [8–10]. Based on the fact that the Strichartz estimates can be generalized to weakly damped wave equation, Kalantarov et al. [11] obtained the well-posedness of weakly damped wave equation in the case of quintic nonlinearity in bounded domain of , where the solution is the weak solution with extra regularity named Shatah–Struwe solution; moreover, they also considered the global attractor for the case of quintic nonlinearity.

Considering the strong solution, in 1983, Babin and Vishik [3] investigated the damped subcubic wave equation in . For seeking a compact absorbing set in , they requested the initial data belonging to , and they proved the existence of the maximal attractor for problem (1). Then, Ladyzhenskaya [12] obtained the attractor for cubic nonlinearity. In [13], the second author verified the attractor via a different approach. Recently, the authors [14] have obtained the strong global attractor for subquintic nonlinearity.

As mentioned by many authors, the global attractor, however, does not provide an actual control of the convergence rate of trajectories and it can be sensitive to perturbations. In order to overcome these difficulties, Eden et al. introduced the notion of exponential attractor (see [15, 16]). In contrary to the global attractor, the exponential attractor is not unique, and it is only semi-invariant. However, it has the advantage of being stable with respect to perturbations, attracts the trajectories exponentially, and has finite fractal dimension. For the strongly damped wave equation, in the subcritical case, Pata and Squassina [17] established an exponential attractor of optimal regularity by using the bootstrap argument; in the critical case, Sun and Yang [18, 19] obtained the exponential attractors based on some asymptotic regularity of the solution. For the weakly damped wave equation, Eden et al. [20] and Grasselli and Pata [21] investigated the exponential attractor for problem (1) with cubic nonlinearity in and , respectively. For the supercubic nonlinearity, in [22], we established the exponential attractor in . However, to the best of our knowledge, there is no result on exponential attractor for problem (1) in .

In the present paper, as a continuation of our previous works [14, 22], we concentrate on the existence of exponential attractor in the subquintic but supercubic case and establish an exponential attractor in the strong topology space based on the Shatah–Struwe solution.

Our main result can be stated as follows.

Theorem 1. Let and satisfy (2). Then, the solution semigroup acting on possesses an exponential attractor which is compact in , satisfying the following conditions:(i) is positive invariant, i.e., for all .(ii), i.e., has finite fractal dimension.(iii)There exist a monotone increasing function and positive constant such that for any bounded set ,

The above theorem will be proved in Section 3. Before that, the preliminary things, including some notations, the well-posedness, and the global attractor of the system are discussed in Section 2.

Throughout the rest of the paper, denote by any positive constants which may be different from line to line even in the same line; we also denote the different positive constants by , for special differentiation.

2. Well-Posedness and Global Attractor

Firstly, we recall the definitions about the weak solution and strong solution of problem (1) in [11], which will be used to state our results.

Definition 1. (see [11]). For any , a function is a weak solution of problem (1) if and equation (1) is satisfied in the sense of distribution, i.e.,for any . Furthermore, is a strong solution if .
For the well-posedness of strong solution, we have the following result.

Theorem 2 (see [14]). Let and satisfy (2). Then, for every , there exists a unique global strong solution of problem (1) with energy estimatewhere monotone function is independent of and . Moreover, for any two strong solutions and , there exists a positive constant depending on the -norm of and such thatwhere .
Therefore, the strong solution generates a operator semigroup in as follows:which is continuous in .

Finally, we state the existence of global attractor in strong energy space which will be used in Lemma 3.

Theorem 3 (see [14]). Let and satisfy (2). Then, the solution semigroup associated with problem (1) possesses a global attractor in the space .

3. Proof of Theorem 1

There are two different approaches to find exponential attractors. The original one (cf. [15, 16]) relies on the proof that the semigroup satisfies squeezing property, and the following approach (cf. [16, 17, 23]) is established via decomposition of semigroup, which is easier to verify for damped wave equation.

Lemma 1. Let and be two Banach spaces such that is compactly embedded into and is a semigroup on . Assume that there exists a bounded positively invariant and a time such that the following hold:(i)The map is Lipschitz continuous (with the metric inherited from ).(ii)The map admits a decomposition of the form where and satisfy the conditions for some .

Then, the local dynamical system possesses an exponential attractor.

In order to verify the local exponential attractor in is an exponential attractor in , the following transitivity of exponential attraction is necessary.

Lemma 2 (see [24]). Let be a metric space and be a semigroup acting on this space such thatfor some nonnegative constants and . Furthermore, we assume that there exist three subsets such thatfor some and . Then it follows thatwhere and .

We will verify all conditions of Lemma 1 step by step.

Step 1. Construct a bounded positively invariant set.
Decompose the solution aswhere solves the linear problemand the remainder satisfiesIt is convenient to denotewhere . For equation (15), it is easy to check that the solution is exponentially decaying, namely,holds for some . From [14, Lemma 4.2], we have the following regularity estimate for :with small enough.

Lemma 3. Let the assumptions in Theorem 1 hold. Then, there exist a compact positive invariant set in , positive constant , and a monotone increasing function such that for any bounded set ,

Moreover, the set is bounded in .

Proof. After vanishing the -component, we can obtain a “perturbed positive trajectory.” And the original is asymptotically close to positive trajectory exponentially. Therefore, a collection of perturbed positive trajectories will be a promising candidate for an exponentially attracting set. To carry out this idea, denote , where is a neighborhood of the global attractor . We will show that is an exponentially attracting set. Notice that is an absorbing set. Hence, for any given bounded set , there exists such that , for all . Furthermore, for , we haveOn the other hand, by inequality (5), we have the uniform estimatefor some depending only on . Combining the two above inequalities, we obtainThen, we define a positive invariant set by , which satisfiesIt remains to show that is bounded in . Inequality (19) implies and are both bounded in . Because , we will complete our proof if we can show is bounded (uniformly in ) in . Note that is generated by linear problemand it is clear that if . Thus, implies is bounded in . Therefore, by setting , the proof is completed.

Step 2. We will verify asymptotic regularity and Lipschitz continuity.

Lemma 4. Let the assumptions in Theorem 1 hold. Then, there exists a time such that the following properties hold:(i)We have estimates where the constant depends only on and .(ii)The mapping is Lipschitz continuous in -norm on .

Proof. (i) For any , set and . Then, and solve the following equations, respectively:From equation (27), we can get exponential decay estimate . Hence, by setting , we haveTaking inner product of (28) with and integrating on , we can obtainSincewe havefor some depending on and .
(ii) For and , we haveThe first term is handled by estimate (6). Recall that is invariant, and thus . Substituting the regularity result into equation (1), we have . This yields that for the second term in the right hand of (33), we haveTherefore, applying Lemma 1, we can prove the existence of an exponential attractor for in immediately. From the construction of , exponentially attracts all bounded subsets of the whole phase-space . Then, the transitivity property of exponential attraction implies that attracts all bounded subsets of the whole phase-space exponentially, i.e., is an exponential attractor in .

Data Availability

The data used to support the study are included within the article.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Acknowledgments

C. Liu was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (Grant no. BK20170308) and NSFC (11801227); F. Meng was supported by NSFC (11701230); C. Zhang was supported by NSFC (11801228) and the dual creative (innovative and entrepreneurial) talents project in Jiangsu Province.