Forecasting the Cumulative Confirmed Cases with the FGM and Fractional-Order Buffer Operator in Different Stages of COVID-19

Table 5

The prediction performance in the second outbreak.

	FGM		FGM + WBO		GM (1, 1)
	MAPE (%)	RMSE	MAPE (%)	RMSE	MAPE (%)	RMSE
ITA	2.166	29078.137	1.314	16297.286	4.490	43236.182
ESP	1.153	15756.608	1.246	16753.955	1.307	15307.242
GBR	0.285	4627.756	0.285	4627.756	1.697	20850.792
JPN	0.788	3496.378	0.716	2499.642	2.190	7388.862
USA	1.045	185861.267	1.012	180634.907	1.925	290226.135
RSA	0.488	8024.826	0.457	6444.510	2.375	29474.302

(1) ITA, EPS, GBR, JPN, USA, and RSA indicate Italy, Spain, the United Kingdom, Japan, the United States, and the Republic of South Africa separately. (2) Since there is no large-scale outbreak in China at the end of 2020, this paper did not analyze China’s data here.