Analysis of Urban Residents’ Willingness to Pay for Forest Ecological Services Based on the Multilayer Linear Model

Table 3

Analysis of random effects of willingness to pay.

Model	Effect		Variable
			Difference		Intercept	Regional characteristics					Individual characteristics
			Between groups	Within groups		CPI	Per capita GDP	Proportion of education practitioners	Per capita social security expenditure	Average wage of urban workers	Gender	Years	Education level	Monthly income status	Place of residence	Environmental awareness
2	Fixed	Col			3.0822	0.1529	0.5127	−0.6041	0.0268	0.1376
		P			≤0.001	0.015	0.682	0.931	0.015	0.024
	Random	σ^2	0.1022	2.5411
		P	≤0.001
3	Fixed	Col			2.4135						−0.1814	−0.0531	0.0572	0.1343	−0.1086	0.8159
		P			≤0.001						0.112	0.038	0.042	0.037	0.024	≤0.001
	Random	σ^2	0.1269	2.7532							0.0041	0.0556	0.2068	0.1144	0.0692	0.3811
		P	≤0.001								0.123	0.046	0.034	0.019	0.026	0.008