Conversion of Fructose to 5-Hydroxymethyl Furfural: Mathematical Solution with Experimental Validation

Table 1

Calculated kinetic parameters of organic acid-catalysed dehydration of fructose to HMF. The initial fructose and acid-catalyst concentrations were 1.0 M. The reaction was performed in 50 ml solvent for 3 hours with continuous stirring.

Acid catalyst	Solvent	Temp (°C)	Rate constant (min^−1)				Goodness of fit (R^2)
			k1	k2	k3	k4	Fructose	HMF	LA	Humin
Oxalic acid	Water	100	1.1 × 10^−3	9.7 × 10^−4	1.5 × 10^−3	4.2 × 10^−14	0.9525	0.9849	0.9911	0.8665
pTSA	Water	100	2.1 × 10^−3	1.97 × 10^−3	3.7 × 10^−3	4.4 × 10^−13	0.9576	0.9247	0.9713	0.764