Predicting Spacecraft Telemetry Data by Using Grey–Markov Model with Sliding Window and Particle Swarm Optimization

Table 1

Comparison of different prediction models.

Prediction models	MAE	MSE	MAPE	MAE	MSE	MAPE	MAE	MSE	MAPE	MAE	MSE	MAPE	MAE	MSE	MAPE	MAE	MSE	MAPE
	Window size 1			Window size 2			Window size 3			Window size 4			Window size 5			Window size 6
GM (1,1)	0.28	0.22	2.22%	0.41	0.49	3.28%	0.52	0.76	4.07%	0.78	1.56	5.99%	0.96	2.53	7.38%	1.56	5.97	11.76%
GMSW	0.24	0.17	1.94%	0.37	0.37	2.91%	0.50	0.73	3.94%	0.75	1.48	5.72%	0.93	2.41	7.16%	1.55	5.95	11.73%
PGMSW	0.21	0.14	1.75%	0.30	0.32	2.46%	0.45	0.69	3.63%	0.50	0.78	3.98%	0.83	1.81	6.48%	1.07	3.94	8.35%