Research on uncertainty modelling is rapidly advancing. Many essential and breakthrough studies have already been done, and there are various ways, such as fuzzy and intuitionistic fuzzy sets, to handle these uncertainties.

Although these concepts can handle incomplete information in various real-world issues, they cannot address all types of uncertainty, such as indeterminate and inconsistent information. The neutrosophic theory founded by Florentin Smarandache in 1998 constitutes a further generalisation of fuzzy sets, intuitionistic fuzzy sets, picture fuzzy sets, Pythagorean fuzzy sets, and spherical fuzzy sets, amongst others. Since then, this logic has been applied in various domains of science and engineering.

The aim of this Special Issue is to compile original research articles with a focus on new and recent developments in methodologies, techniques, and applications of neutrosophic sets for various practical problems to demonstrate the challenging issues of neutrosophic modelling and optimization. We welcome original research articles and review articles discussing the state of the art of neutrosophic techniques, methodologies, mixed approaches, and research directions pointing to unsolved issues.

Potential topics include but are not limited to the following:

• Neutrosophic modelling
• Neutrosophic optimization
• Multiple-criteria decision-making with neutrosophic sets
• Multiple objective decision making with neutrosophic sets
• Neutrosophic algebraic structures
• Neutrosophic in data envelopment analysis
• Neutrosophic artificial intelligence
• Neutrosophic set-based decision making in medical diagnosis and pattern recognition
• Neutrosophic deep learning