A Review on Technical and Clinical Impact of Microsoft Kinect on Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation

Table 2

Clinically evaluated systems using Kinect.

Article	Targeted disability	Study type	Purpose	Evaluation	Conclusion
Pastor et al. [50]	Stroke	Rehab	Upper limb	One patient (10 days)	(i) Potential for further investigation
Chang et al. [47]	Stroke	Rehab	Upper limb	Four patients (2 weeks)	(i) Helped with preservice training; (ii) Increased independence; (iii) Helped with community integration
Wiederhold and Riva [46]	Stroke	Rehab	Lower limb	15 patients (20 sessions; each 45 min, 3–5 sessions per week)	(i) Framework was evaluated by patients; (ii) Within subject assessment shows significant improvement in balance recovery
Exell et al. [48]	Stroke	Rehab	Upper limb	One patient (18 sessions)	(i) Mean joint angle error reduced from 35 to 51% across 3 joints
Gama et al. [49]	Elderly	Rehab	Upper limb	Three elderly subjects (1 session)	(i) Kinect proved accurate; (ii) Potential for further investigation
Acosta [51]	Stroke	Rehab	Upper limb	Six patients + 5 controls in a 10-day study	(i) Patients liked the game; (ii) Clinical scores were maintained or improved
Adams et al. [52]	Stroke	Assessment	Upper limb	14 hemiparetic patients in Virtual Occupational Therapy Assistant (VOTA)	(i) Moderate correlation between VOTA derived metrics and WMFT scores
Bao et al. [55]	Stroke	Rehab	Upper limb	Five patients in a 3-week study	(i) FM score and WMFT scores improved; (ii) Improvements maintained in a 12-week follow-up; (iii) fMRI showed that learning the neurological underpinning of learning a task using Kinect may differ from healthy controls
Lee [53]	Stroke	Rehab	Upper limb	14 patients	(i) Control and study patients both showed improvements; (ii) Experimental group who received Kinect treatment demonstrated more changes from pre- to posttreatment
Sin and Lee [54]	Stroke	Rehab	Upper limb	40 patients	(i) Experimental group () who received Kinect treatment showed significantly greater improvements in FM and BBT score than the control patients ()
Stone and Skubic [59]	Elderly	Monitoring	Gait	Four older adults in a 4-month home-based study	(i) They proposed a methodology for gait monitoring using Kinect
Pu et al. [57]	Elderly	Monitoring	Balance and gait	100 older adults	(i) Investigated key factors in the balance of older adults; (ii) Showed that the static and dynamic balance functions were explained with distinct factors
Dutta et al. [56]	Elderly	Assessment	Balance	10 older adults	(i) They showed that the maximum Center-of-Mass (CoM)-Center-of-Pressure (CoP) lean-angle correlates significantly with the clinical balance scores (i.e., Berg Balance Scale)
Galna et al. [61]	Parkinson’s disease	Rehab	Gait	Nine patients	(i) Use of Kinect is safe and feasible for PD rehabilitation; (ii) Interventions should be carefully reviewed for safety and efficacy in the home
Pompeu et al. [62] showed 7 patients with PD	Parkinson’s disease	Rehab; gait		Seven patients in a 14-hour study (during 4 (1/2) weeks)	(i) Patients improved their 6-minute walk test after
Luna-Oliva et al. [67]	Cerebral palsy	Rehab	ADL	11 children with CP in an 8-week study	(i) Significant improvements in the standard motor assessments; (ii) The improvements were still present in the follow-up examination
Chang et al. [68]	Cerebral palsy	Rehab	ADL	Two children with CP	(i) Patients demonstrated high motivations for exercising with Kinect; (ii) They improved their performance during the intervention
Ilg et al. [69]	Children with ataxia	Rehab		Eight-week training	(i) Ataxia symptoms were significantly reduced
Holmes et al. [70]	Cystic fibrosis	High intensity exercise	NA	10 patients	(i) It may be a suitable alternative for conventional exercise
Ortiz-Gutiérrez et al. [66]	Multiple sclerosis	Rehab	Vision and balance	50 patients	(i) Study group () showed significant improvement in visual preference and the vestibular balance, more significantly than control patients () who received conventional treatment
Han et al. [60]	Facioscapulohumeral muscle dystrophy	Assessment		22 patients	(i) Kinect’s measurements were in accordance with clinical observations
Parry et al. [64]	Burn injury	Rehab	Range of motion	30 children	(i) Subjects who played with the Kinect achieved significantly greater ROMs in shoulder flexion, shoulder abduction, and elbow flexion than the control group who received treatment via PlayStation 3
Ulaşli et al. [63]	Leukodystrophy	Rehab	Balance and gait	One patient	(i) Subject demonstrated improvements in functional independency, mobility, walking speed, and balance as measured by standard quantitative assessments