Challenges and Opportunities for Small Molecule Aptamer Development

Table 2

A listing of DNA aptamers reported in the open literature* (up until July 2012) that have been confirmed to bind to small molecule targets. The dissociation constant (𝐾_𝑑), a measure of binding affinity, is included as well as the year of aptamer development.

Target	Binding affinity (𝐾𝑑)	Year	Reference
Reactive green 19	33 μM	1992	[130]
Adenosine monophosphate and adenosine triphosphate	6 μM	1995	[131]
L-arginine	2.5 mM	1995	[132]
L-argininamide	0.25 mM	1995	[132]
Anionic porphyrins	0.4–4.9 μM	1996	[88]
Sulforhodamine B	190 nM	1998	[61]
Cellobiose	600 nM	1998	[133]
7,8-dihydro-8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine	270 nM	1998	[134]
Cholic acid	5–67.5 μM	2000	[135]
Hematoporphyrin	1.6 μM	2000	[136]
L-tyrosinamide	4.5 μM	2001	[137]
Sialyllactose	4.9 μM	2004	[138]
Ethanolamine	6–19 nM	2005	[139]
(R)-thalidomide	1 μM	2007	[49]
Hoechst derivative 7e	878 nM	2007	[140]
17β-estradiol	0.13 μM	2007	[141]
Lys-Arg-Azobenzene-Arg	0.33 μM	2007	[142]
Tetracycline	64 nM	2008	[143]
L and D arginine	580–810 μM	2008	[144]
Daunomycin	10 nM	2008	[145]
Oxytetracycline	10 nM	2008	[54]
Ochratoxin A	200 nM	2008	[26]
Dopamine	700 nM	2009	[146]
8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine	100 nM	2009	[147]
Diclofenac	42.7–166.34 nM	2009	[148]
(S) and (R)-ibuprofen	1.5–5.2 μM	2010	[50]
Adenosine triphosphate	3.7 μM	2010	[31]
Fumonisin B1 (FB1)	100 nM	2010	[7]
Acetamiprid	4.98 μM	2011	[149]
Kanamycin	78.8 nM	2011	[150]
L-tryptophan	1.757 μM	2011	[151]
Bisphenol A	8.3 nM	2011	[53]
Ochratoxin A	96–293 nM	2011	[152]
Phenylphosphonic dichloride	>50 μM	2011	[153]
Organophosphorus pesticides (phorate, profenofos, isocarbophos and omethoate)	0.8–2.5 μM	2012	[154]
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB77)	4.02, 8.32 μM	2012	[155]
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB72 and PCB106)	60–100 nM	2012	[156]
Ampicillin	9.4–13.4 nM	2012	[157]

∗Only aptamer sequences that have experimentally determined 𝐾_𝑑 values were included in this table.