A Review of Current Research into the Biogenic Synthesis of Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles via Marine Algae and Seagrasses

Table 2

A selection of nanoparticles and their antimicrobial against various pathogens.

NP	Size (nm) & shape	Alga	Antimicrobial activity	Ref.
Ag	14, spherical	Padina tetrastromatica	Pseudomonas sp., Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Klebsiella planticola	[107]
Ag	18 to 44,; spherical	Gracilaria corticata	Candida albicans, Candida glabrata	[86]
Ag	22,; spherical	Gelidiella acerosa	Humicola insolens, Fusarium dimerum, Mucor indicus, Trichoderma reesei	[108]
Ag	8–27,; spherical	Sargassum wightii Grevilli	Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillis rhizoids, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa	[109]
Ag	20–30,; spherical	Urospora sp.	Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, Bacillis subtilis	[110]
Ag	20,; spherical	Ulva lactuca	Bacillus sp., Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas sp.	[111]
Ag	2–32,; spherical	Enteromorpha flexuosa Wulfen	Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus pumilus, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans, Saccharomyces cerevisiae	[112]
Ag	5–22,; spherical	Sargassum wightii	Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Vibrio cholera, Klebsiella pneumonia, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus pneumoniae, Salmonella typhi	[113]
Ag	50 to 100,; spherical	Sargassum polycystum C. Agardh	Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, MCF breast cancer	[114]
Ag & Au	<60,; spherical & triangular	Turbinaria conoides	Salmonella sp., Escherichia coli, Serratia liquefaciens, Aeromonas hydrophila	[115]
AgCl	21–48,; spherical	Sargassum plagiophyllum	Escherichia coli	[116]
Au	18.7–93.7,; spherical,; hexagonal,; triangular	Stoechospermum marginatum (kützing)	Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella oxytoca, Enterobacter faecalis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio cholerae, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Salmonella paratyphi, Proteus vulgaris	[100]
Au	30–70,; spherical	Padina pavonica	Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli	[117]
Cu2O; CuO	5–45,; spherical	Bifurcaria bifurcata	Enterobacter aerogenes, Staphylococcus aureus	[103]
ZnO	96–110,; spherical,; rectangular, triangular	Sargassum myriocystum	Staphylococcus mutans, Micrococcus luteus, Vibrio cholera, Klebsiella pneumonia, Neisseria gonorrhoeae	[87]