Carbon nanotube (CNT) can be considered as an emerging interconnect material in current nanoscale regime. They are more promising than other interconnect materials such as Al or Cu because of their robustness to electromigration. This research paper aims to address the crosstalk-related issues (signal integrity) in interconnect lines. Different analytical models of single- (SWCNT), double- (DWCNT), and multiwalled CNTs (MWCNT) are studied to analyze the crosstalk delay at global interconnect lengths. A capacitively coupled three-line bus architecture employing CMOS driver is used for accurate estimation of crosstalk delay. Each line in bus architecture is represented with the equivalent <i>RLC</i> models of single and bundled SWCNT, DWCNT, and MWCNT interconnects. Crosstalk delay is observed at middle line (victim) when it switches in opposite direction with respect to the other two lines (aggressors). Using the data predicted by ITRS 2012, a comparative analysis on the basis of crosstalk delay is performed for bundled SWCNT/DWCNT and single MWCNT interconnects. It is observed that the overall crosstalk delay is improved by 40.92&#x25; and 21.37&#x25; for single MWCNT in comparison to bundled SWCNT and bundled DWCNT interconnects, respectively.

Manoj Kumar Majumder

Nisarg D. Pandya

B. K. Kaushik

S. K. Manhas

Signal Integrity Analysis in Single and Bundled Carbon Nanotube Interconnects

We have used charge-induced absorption to quantify the influence of injected charges on electroabsorption measurements in single-wall carbon nanotube films. The interpretations of experimental measurements of <svg     style="vertical-align:-3.7947pt;width:24.5875px;" id="M1" height="21.4625" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 24.5875 21.4625" width="24.5875"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
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</svg> processes in nanotubes are simplified by taking into account the change in electron-electron interactions upon charge injection. Electroabsorption spectra that are properly corrected for charge-induced effects show remarkable agreement with a simple Stark shift of the exciton transitions with no notable second-derivative contributions. Thus, distinguishing electric field effects from carrier density effects allows for a more rigorous calculation of exciton polarizability from electroabsorption measurements, even in heterogeneous films. PACS: 78.67.Ch Nanotubes: optical properties of low-dimensional, mesoscopic, and nanoscale materials and structures.

W. Joshua Kennedy

Distinguishing Field Effects from Charge Effects in the Optoelectronic Properties of Carbon Nanotube Films

For the first time, <svg     style="vertical-align:-3.3907pt;width:75.75px;" id="M1" height="16.450001" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 75.75 16.450001" width="75.75"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,12.162)"><path id="x5A" d="M561 176l29 -6q-25 -130 -36 -170h-517l-8 15l420 599h-173q-77 0 -102 -7t-39 -29q-19 -29 -35 -87l-29 1q9 111 12 183h24q9 -16 19 -20.5t34 -4.5h399l7 -14l-413 -594q48 -6 163 -6q94 0 131.5 7.5t58.5 29.5q28 29 55 103z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,10.534,12.162)"><path id="x6E" d="M524 0h-209v26q44 5 55 18t11 65v167q0 114 -91 114q-50 0 -109 -51v-235q0 -50 10 -61.5t55 -16.5v-26h-217v26q51 5 62 17t11 61v206q0 47 -9.5 58.5t-50.5 19.5v23q82 15 139 40v-79l67 47q47 30 83 30q60 0 94.5 -40t34.5 -112v-193q0 -50 10 -61.5t54 -16.5v-26z&#xA;" /></g>

			<g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,19.85,16.25)"><path id="x1D465" d="M536 404q0 -17 -13.5 -31.5t-26.5 -14.5q-8 0 -15 10q-11 14 -25 14q-22 0 -67 -50q-47 -52 -68 -82l37 -102q31 -88 55 -88t78 59l16 -23q-32 -48 -68.5 -78t-65.5 -30q-19 0 -37.5 20t-29.5 53l-41 116q-72 -106 -114.5 -147.5t-79.5 -41.5q-21 0 -34.5 14t-13.5 37&#xA;q0 16 13.5 31.5t28.5 15.5q12 0 17 -11q5 -10 25 -10q22 0 57.5 36t89.5 111l-40 108q-22 58 -36 58q-21 0 -67 -57l-19 20q81 107 125 107q17 0 30 -22t39 -88l22 -55q68 92 108.5 128.5t74.5 36.5q20 0 32.5 -14t12.5 -30z" /></g>

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			<g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,47.662,16.25)"><path id="x31" d="M384 0h-275v27q67 5 81.5 18.5t14.5 68.5v385q0 38 -7.5 47.5t-40.5 10.5l-48 2v24q85 15 178 52v-521q0 -55 14.5 -68.5t82.5 -18.5v-27z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,53.374,16.25)"><path id="x2212" d="M535 230h-483v50h483v-50z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,60.358,16.25)"><use xlink:href="#x1D465"/></g>

			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,67.625,12.162)"><path id="x53" d="M409 504l-29 -5q-16 60 -44.5 96t-86.5 36q-54 0 -82.5 -32t-28.5 -77q0 -51 30.5 -82.5t96.5 -65.5l35.5 -18t33 -19.5t33.5 -23.5l27 -25.5t24.5 -32t13.5 -36.5t6 -45q0 -80 -62 -134.5t-160 -54.5q-47 0 -98 15q-22 7 -50 21q-8 23 -27 155l30 7q7 -27 18 -52&#xA;t30 -51.5t49 -42.5t67 -16q56 0 88 32.5t32 87.5q0 51 -31.5 82t-98.5 67q-80 44 -110 73q-55 53 -55 124q0 75 56 126.5t150 51.5q53 0 126 -23z" /></g>

		
	
</svg> nanosheets with different Zn and Cd ion concentrations were prepared using solvothermal synthesis at 200&#xb0;C for 4 and 24&#x2009;h. The crystalline structure of the nanosheets was wurtzite. The optical band gaps of the nanosheets increased with increasing Zn ratio; this increase is consistent with the band gaps estimated using Vegard&#x2019;s formula. The photoluminescence spectra for the 24&#x2009;h nanosheets had higher emission intensities than those for the 4&#x2009;h nanosheets. The emission band corresponding to intrinsic near-band-edge emission and a broad peak associated with extrinsic deep-level emission were observed in the photoluminescence spectra.

M. A. Mahdi

J. J. Hassan

S. S. Ng

Z. Hassan

High-Quality ZnCdS Nanosheets Prepared Using Solvothermal Synthesis

We describe the fabrication of lead zirconate titanate (PZT) nanodisc arrays isolated by a polymer layer and contacted with a top electrode. PZT thin films were deposited by multitarget sputtering onto a platinum/titanium bottom electrode and structured by means of nanosphere lithography. To guarantee short-circuit-free deposition of a top electrode, the space between the nanostructures was filled by a polymer. Two approaches for the filling are demonstrated: (a) imprinting and (b) skim coating. Single nanodiscs embedded in a flexible
polymer matrix have two major advantages. First, taking into account the flexibility of the matrix, they can vibrate in lateral direction and, second, due to shrinking to the nanoscale, predominant directions of the polarization form, such as vortex- or bubble-like domain patterns. Piezoresponse force microscopy was performed on patterned and nonpatterned samples with and without a top electrode to check the local piezoresponse. Comparison of the different samples revealed an increase in lateral piezoactivity for patterned samples with Ni/Cr electrode while the out-of-plane piezoresponse remained constant. Gold electrodes limit the piezoresponse in both measured directions.

M. Waegner

A. Finn

G. Suchaneck

G. Gerlach

L. M. Eng

Connected Lead Zirconate Titanate Nanodot Arrays for Perspective Functional Materials

We report on the growth mechanisms of germanium nitride nanowires on the surface of crystalline Ge annealed in hydrazine vapor at different temperatures. In spite of the presence of water (and hence oxygen precursors) in hydrazine, the pure germanium nitride single crystal nanowires were produced in the temperature range of 480&#x2013;<svg     style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt;width:29.637501px;" id="M1" height="13.1375" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 29.637501 13.1375" width="29.637501"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,12.875)"><path id="x35" d="M153 550l-26 -186q79 31 111 31q90 0 141.5 -51t51.5 -119q0 -93 -89 -166q-85 -69 -173 -71q-32 0 -61.5 11.5t-41.5 23.5q-18 17 -17 34q2 16 22 33q14 9 26 -1q61 -50 124 -50q60 0 93 43.5t33 104.5q0 69 -41.5 110t-121.5 41q-53 0 -102 -20l38 305h286l6 -8&#xA;l-26 -65h-233z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,8.222,12.875)"><path id="x38" d="M249 635q70 0 116 -43t46 -105q0 -46 -28 -80q-22 -25 -80 -64q62 -35 97 -75t35 -99q0 -81 -63 -131t-135 -50q-83 0 -137.5 45.5t-54.5 123.5q0 52 45 95q29 28 89 64q-109 62 -109 155q0 66 50.5 115t128.5 49zM238 603q-42 0 -67.5 -31t-25.5 -72q0 -50 32.5 -79.5&#xA;t98.5 -62.5q61 48 61 124q0 59 -29.5 90t-69.5 31zM248 20q46 0 76.5 33.5t30.5 89.5q0 50 -39 85.5t-110 71.5q-81 -54 -81 -137q0 -67 35.5 -105t87.5 -38z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,16.381,12.875)"><path id="x30" d="M241 635q53 0 94 -28.5t63.5 -76t33.5 -102.5t11 -116q0 -58 -11 -112.5t-34 -103.5t-63.5 -78.5t-94.5 -29.5t-95 28t-64.5 75t-34.5 102.5t-11 118.5q0 58 11.5 112.5t34.5 103t64.5 78t95.5 29.5zM238 602q-32 0 -55.5 -25t-35.5 -68t-17.5 -91t-5.5 -105&#xA;q0 -76 10 -138.5t37 -107.5t69 -45q32 0 55.5 25t35.5 68.5t17.5 91.5t5.5 105t-5.5 105.5t-18 92t-36 68t-56.5 24.5z" /></g>

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</svg>C. At temperatures below <svg     style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt;width:29.637501px;" id="M2" height="13.1375" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 29.637501 13.1375" width="29.637501"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
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			<g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,24.538,4.712)"><use xlink:href="#x2218"/></g>

		
	
</svg>C, the <svg     style="vertical-align:-3.3907pt;width:39.474998px;" id="M3" height="15.65" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 39.474998 15.65" width="39.474998"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,11.362)"><path id="x47" d="M692 302v-28q-45 -6 -54.5 -17t-9.5 -55v-86q0 -62 7 -95q-7 -2 -32 -7.5l-37 -8l-35.5 -7.5t-40.5 -7t-38.5 -4t-40.5 -2q-165 0 -266 93t-101 243q0 84 32 151t86 108t121.5 63t142.5 22q29 0 62.5 -4t52 -7.5t47.5 -10.5t31 -7l15 -156l-28 -6q-17 87 -66.5 121.5&#xA;t-128.5 34.5q-117 0 -191 -80.5t-74 -216.5q0 -56 17 -110t49.5 -100.5t87.5 -74.5t124 -28q53 0 87 17q17 9 24.5 23t7.5 43v85q0 54 -15.5 67.5t-89.5 18.5v28h254z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,12.217,11.362)"><path id="x65" d="M380 106l15 -22q-42 -52 -87 -74t-76 -22q-89 0 -142 62t-53 151q0 103 66 175q67 73 146 73h1q61 0 105.5 -46.5t44.5 -105.5q0 -16 -4.5 -22.5t-18.5 -9.5q-54 -10 -262 -17q1 -95 46 -143.5t104 -48.5q61 0 115 50zM225 412q-35 0 -64.5 -32.5t-40.5 -90.5q83 0 170 3&#xA;q14 0 19 4.5t5 15.5q1 41 -23.5 70.5t-65.5 29.5z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,19.441,11.362)"><path id="x4F" d="M381 665q131 0 226.5 -93t95.5 -239q0 -158 -96 -253t-238 -95q-137 0 -231 95t-94 238q0 142 92.5 244.5t244.5 102.5zM359 629q-89 0 -151 -74.5t-62 -208.5q0 -141 69 -233t175 -92q90 0 150.5 74t60.5 211q0 152 -69 237.5t-173 85.5z" /></g>

			<g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,32.138,15.45)"><path id="x1D465" d="M536 404q0 -17 -13.5 -31.5t-26.5 -14.5q-8 0 -15 10q-11 14 -25 14q-22 0 -67 -50q-47 -52 -68 -82l37 -102q31 -88 55 -88t78 59l16 -23q-32 -48 -68.5 -78t-65.5 -30q-19 0 -37.5 20t-29.5 53l-41 116q-72 -106 -114.5 -147.5t-79.5 -41.5q-21 0 -34.5 14t-13.5 37&#xA;q0 16 13.5 31.5t28.5 15.5q12 0 17 -11q5 -10 25 -10q22 0 57.5 36t89.5 111l-40 108q-22 58 -36 58q-21 0 -67 -57l-19 20q81 107 125 107q17 0 30 -22t39 -88l22 -55q68 92 108.5 128.5t74.5 36.5q20 0 32.5 -14t12.5 -30z" /></g>

		
	
</svg> clusters were formed first at the Ge surface, followed by the nucleation and growth of nanowires through the Vapor-Liquid-Solid mechanism. The Vapor-Solid growth mechanism was observed at temperatures exceeding <svg     style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt;width:29.637501px;" id="M4" height="13.1375" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 29.637501 13.1375" width="29.637501"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,12.875)"><use xlink:href="#x35"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,8.222,12.875)"><use xlink:href="#x32"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,16.381,12.875)"><use xlink:href="#x30"/></g>

			<g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,24.538,4.712)"><use xlink:href="#x2218"/></g>

		
	
</svg>C, and Ge<sub  >3</sub>N<sub  >4</sub> nanobelts were produced instead of nanowires with circular cross-sections. All nanostructures have the alpha germanium nitride structure; however, at the nucleation stage, the presence of beta Ge<sub  >3</sub>N<sub  >4</sub> phase was also observed in the roots of nanowires.

David Jishiashvili

Lasha Kiria

Zeinab Shiolashvili

Nino Makhatadze

Elguja Miminoshvili

Alexander Jishiashvili

Formation of Germanium Nitride Nanowires on the Surface of Crystalline Germanium

This paper describes the isolation of carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) from kitchen soot, characterization of the CNPs by UV/visible spectroscopy, SEM and XRD, and their antimicrobial action. The antibacterial activity of the isolated carbon nanoparticles was tested against various pathogenic bacterial strains such as Gram-negative <i>Proteus refrigere</i> and <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> and Gram-positive <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> and <i>Streptococcus haemolyticus</i>. The inhibition zones were measured, and it was found that the carbon nanoparticles isolated from natural sources are active against these Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial strains.

Sheena Varghese

Sunny Kuriakose

Soumya Jose

Antimicrobial Activity of Carbon Nanoparticles Isolated from Natural Sources against Pathogenic Gram-Negative and Gram-Positive Bacteria

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Journal of Nanoscience