Given the importance of the optical properties of metal/dielectric core/shell nanoparticles, in this work we focus our attention on the light scattering properties, within the Mie framework, of some specific categories of these noteworthy nanostructures. In particular, we report theoretical results of angle-dependent light scattering intensity and scattering efficiency for Ag/Ag<sub>2</sub>O, Al/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, Cu/Cu<sub>2</sub>O, Pd/PdO, and Ti/TiO<sub>2</sub> core/shell nanoparticles as a function of the core radius/shell thickness ratio and on a relative comparison. The results highlight the light scattering characteristics of these systems as a function of the radius/shell thickness ratio, helping in the choice of the more suitable materials and sizes for specific applications (i.e., dynamic light scattering for biological and molecular recognition, increasing light trapping in thin-film silicon, organic solar cells for achieving a higher photocurrent).

F. Ruffino

G. Piccitto

M. G. Grimaldi

Simulations of the Light Scattering Properties of Metal/Oxide Core/Shell Nanospheres

Yttrium iron garnet (YIG) thin films substituted erbium ions (Er<sup>+3</sup>) Er<sub>0.4</sub>Y<sub>2.6</sub>Fe<sub>5</sub>O<sub>12</sub> films were prepared by a sol-gel method at different temperatures which varied from 800 to 1000&#xB0;C for 2 hours in air. Magnetic and microstructural properties of the films were characterized with X-ray diffraction (XRD), the field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The XRD patterns of the sample have only peaks of the garnet structure. The lattice constants decrease, while the particle size increases from 51 to 85&#x2009;nm as the annealing temperature increases with average in thickness of 300&#x2009;nm. The saturation magnetization and the coercivity of the samples increased from 26&#x2009;(emu/cc) and 28&#x2009;Oe for the film annealed at 800&#xB0;C to 76&#x2009;(emu/cc) and 45&#x2009;Oe for film annealed at 1000&#xB0;C, respectively.

Ramadan E. Shaiboub

N. B. Ibrahim

Characterization of Erbium Substituted Yttrium Iron Garnet Films Prepared by Sol-Gel Method

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), contacted by electrodeposited Pd<sub>0.59</sub>Ni<sub>0.41</sub> alloys, are characterised using electrical measurements and Raman spectroscopy. The high workfunctions of Nickel and Palladium form an ohmic contact with the CNT valence band, but the contact properties change on Hydrogen exposure due to a reduction in the PdNi workfunction and the realignment of the PdNi Fermi level with the CNT band structure. A PdNi contacted semiconducting CNT exhibited significantly lower currents after Hydrogen exposure while a metallic CNT exhibited a small current increase. The semiconducting and metallic natures of the CNTs are confirmed by their Raman spectra. This study demonstrates a technique for modulating the PdNi-CNT contact and differentiating between semiconducting and metallic CNTs via contact modulation. It also provides experimental evidence of the theoretical allocation of features in the CNT Raman spectra.

A. R. Usgaocar

Harold M. H. Chong

C. H. de Groot

Modulation of Carbon Nanotube Metal Contacts in Gaseous Hydrogen Environment

We study theoretically the enhancement of the light extraction from an OLED (Organic Light-Emitting Diode) with nanoair-bubbles embedded inside a glass substrate. Due to such a nanostructure inside the substrate, the critical angle which limits the light extraction outside the substrate from the OLED is increased. The theoretical results show that the nanoair bubbles near by the substrate surface can improve the efficiency of the light extraction by 7&#x25;. Such a substrate may also be suitable for photovoltaic cells or display screens.

Min Won Lee

Siegfried Chicot

Chii-Chang Chen

Mahmoud Chakaroun

Getachew Ayenew

Alexis Fischer

Azzedine Boudrioua

Study of the Light Coupling Efficiency of OLEDs Using a Nanostructured Glass Substrate

The sparingly water soluble property of majority of medicinally significant drugs acts as a potential barrier towards its utilization for therapeutic purpose. The present study was thus aimed at development of a novel oil-in-water (o/w) nanoemulsion (NE) system having ability to function as carrier for poorly soluble drugs with clarithromycin as a model antibiotic. The therapeutically effective concentration of clarithromycin, 5&#x2009;mg/mL, was achieved using polysorbate 80 combined with olive oil as lipophilic counterion. A three-level three-factorial central composite experimental design was utilized to conduct the experiments. The effects of selected variables, polysorbate 80 and olive oil content and concentration of polyvinyl alcohol, were investigated. The particle size of clarithromycin for the optimized formulation was observed to be 30&#x2009;nm. The morphology of the nanoemulsion was explored using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The emulsions prepared with the optimized formula demonstrated good physical stability during storage at room temperature. Antibacterial activity was conducted with the optimized nanoemulsion NESH 01 and compared with free clarithromycin. Zone of inhibition was larger for NESH 01 as compared to that with free clarithromycin. This implies that the solubility and hence the bioavailability of clarithromycin has increased in the formulated nanoemulsion system.

Stuti Vatsraj

Kishor Chauhan

Hilor Pathak

Formulation of a Novel Nanoemulsion System for Enhanced Solubility of a Sparingly Water Soluble Antibiotic, Clarithromycin

Lithium iron oxide (LiFeO<sub  ><b>2</b></sub>) thin films have been deposited by rf-magnetron sputtering technique and  microstructural and electrochemical properties were studied. The films deposited at a substrate temperature 250&#xB0;C with subsequent post annealing at 500&#xB0;C for 4&#x2009;h exhibited cubic rock-salt structure with Fm3m space group. The films exhibited well-defined oxidation and reduction peaks suggesting complete reversibility upon cycling. The as-deposited films exhibited an initial discharge capacity 15&#x2009;<svg     style="vertical-align:-3.56265pt;width:9.5625px;" id="M1" height="12.175" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 9.5625 12.175" width="9.5625"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,7.675)"><path id="x1D707" d="M538 96q-38 -45 -84 -76.5t-71 -31.5q-44 0 -15 117q12 49 18 89h-2q-99 -128 -163 -178q-36 -28 -70 -28q-26 0 -44 38h-2q-16 -69 -16 -129q0 -43 11 -75.5t24 -42.5l1 -6q-7 -12 -24.5 -23t-37.5 -11q-40 0 -40 76q0 52 35 202l94 407l78 24l5 -5q-32 -122 -72 -310&#xA;q-7 -33 0 -55t25 -22q36 0 105.5 75t107.5 145l32 146l75 26h10q-50 -197 -78 -347q-7 -38 6 -38q7 0 31 17t47 39z" /></g>

		
	
</svg>Ah/cm<sup  >2</sup>&#x000B7;<svg     style="vertical-align:-3.56265pt;width:9.5625px;" id="M2" height="12.175" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 9.5625 12.175" width="9.5625"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,7.675)"><use xlink:href="#x1D707"/></g>

		
	
</svg>m, whereas the films post annealed at 500&#xB0;C for 4&#x2009;h in controlled oxygen environment exhibited 31&#x2009;<svg     style="vertical-align:-3.56265pt;width:9.5625px;" id="M3" height="12.175" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 9.5625 12.175" width="9.5625"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,7.675)"><use xlink:href="#x1D707"/></g>

		
	
</svg>Ah/cm<sup  >2</sup>&#x000B7;<svg     style="vertical-align:-3.56265pt;width:9.5625px;" id="M4" height="12.175" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 9.5625 12.175" width="9.5625"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,7.675)"><use xlink:href="#x1D707"/></g>

		
	
</svg>m. 

P. Rosaiah

O. M. Hussain

Microstructural and Electrochemical Properties of rf-Sputtered LiFeO<sub>2</sub> Thin Films

Biogenic synthesis of gold and silver nanoparticles from aqueous solutions using milk thistle (<i>Silybum marianum</i>) seed extract as reducing and stabilizing agent has been reported. Formation and stabilization of nanoparticles were monitored using surface plasmon resonance (SPR) bands of UV-Vis spectroscopy. Morphology of gold and silver nanoparticles was investigated using X-ray diffraction, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy with selected area electron diffraction analysis, and dynamic light scattering. Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy was employed to identify the possible biomolecules responsible for the reduction and stabilization of nanoparticles.

R. Gopalakrishnan

K. Raghu

Biosynthesis and Characterization of Gold and Silver Nanoparticles Using Milk Thistle (<i>Silybum marianum</i>) Seed Extract

The properties of CaNb<sub  >2</sub>O<sub  >6</sub> nanoparticles synthesized by coprecipitation method under controlled reaction rate and extended calcination time were studied. Analysis of the X-ray diffraction pattern shows single orthorhombic phase of the material with lattice parameters: <svg     style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt;width:80.974998px;" id="M2" height="11.125" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 80.974998 11.125" width="80.974998"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
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</svg>&#x2009;&#xc5;. The morphology and size of particles was found to be improved due to the controlled reaction rate and extended calcination time. The average sizes of the particles were estimated as 40&#x2009;nm and 90&#x2009;nm for sintering temperatures 650&#xB0;C and 800&#xB0;C, respectively. The material was found to possess dielectric constant which is inversely proportional to the frequency. Surprisingly, the material shows ferroelectric behavior, the possible origin of which is discussed here.

C. M. Dudhe

S. B. Nagdeote

Effect of Reaction Rate and Calcination Time on <svg style="vertical-align:-3.40027pt" height="16.4625" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 68.637497 16.4625" width="68.637497" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,12.162)"><path id="x43" d="M614 175l29 -10q-33 -109 -57 -154q-121 -26 -184 -26q-90 0 -160.5 29t-112.5 77t-63.5 105.5t-21.5 119.5q0 157 108 253t277 96q36 0 71.5 -5t69 -13.5t36.5 -8.5q15 -102 20 -150l-29 -8q-20 79 -66.5 114t-128.5 35q-119 0 -187.5 -86t-68.5 -207&#xA;q0 -140 73.5 -227.5t188.5 -87.5q73 0 119.5 37.5t86.5 116.5z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,11.503,12.162)"><path id="x61" d="M433 39l-85 -51q-27 0 -47 20q-16 16 -24 44q-5 -3 -24 -16.5t-27 -18.5t-23 -13.5t-25 -12t-19 -3.5q-52 0 -86 36.5t-34 85.5q0 71 81 99q128 43 155 65v17q0 54 -23 83.5t-62 29.5q-28 0 -45 -19t-29 -66q-7 -23 -29 -23q-15 0 -29 13t-14 30t31 40q25 19 68.5 40.5&#xA;t81.5 29.5q49 0 82 -27q45 -39 45 -123v-185q0 -60 35 -60q18 0 36 11zM275 84v156q-12 -6 -49 -23t-41 -19q-31 -14 -46 -31t-15 -43q0 -35 22.5 -55.5t48.5 -20.5q19 0 42 10.5t38 25.5z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,18.965,12.162)"><path id="x4E" d="M719 650v-28q-43 -2 -62 -15t-22 -44q-6 -47 -6 -169v-403h-31l-426 524h-2v-251q0 -111 6 -169q4 -37 24 -50.5t72 -16.5v-28h-237v28q45 2 64.5 16t23.5 49q6 62 6 171v220q0 54 -3 68.5t-17 32.5q-16 19 -34.5 26.5t-54.5 10.5v28h147l418 -502h3v246q0 117 -7 166&#xA;q-4 34 -24.5 47t-73.5 15v28h236z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,31.595,12.162)"><path id="x62" d="M152 404l81 35q23 10 41 10q81 0 139 -61.5t58 -149.5q0 -107 -74.5 -178.5t-176.5 -71.5q-71 0 -147 36v555q0 48 -9.5 59.5t-56.5 15.5v23q79 10 145 35v-308zM152 374v-258q0 -20 6 -35q7 -19 30 -37t58 -18q63 0 99.5 50t36.5 137q0 82 -43.5 131t-108.5 49&#xA;q-44 0 -78 -19z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,41.488,16.25)"><path id="x1D7D0" d="M453 211h25l-46 -211h-415v23q97 102 151 166q42 49 81 110q51 78 51 148q0 56 -31.5 91.5t-87.5 35.5q-77 0 -122 -90h-28q67 204 223 204q82 0 132 -49.5t50 -133.5q0 -110 -114 -218l-162 -154h140q82 0 107 13q27 13 46 65z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,48.062,12.162)"><path id="x4F" d="M381 665q131 0 226.5 -93t95.5 -239q0 -158 -96 -253t-238 -95q-137 0 -231 95t-94 238q0 142 92.5 244.5t244.5 102.5zM359 629q-89 0 -151 -74.5t-62 -208.5q0 -141 69 -233t175 -92q90 0 150.5 74t60.5 211q0 152 -69 237.5t-173 85.5z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,62.012,16.25)"><path id="x1D7D4" d="M470 688v-26q-108 -22 -172.5 -84.5t-93.5 -173.5q40 17 84 17q85 0 136 -54t51 -145q0 -105 -59 -170t-156 -65q-106 0 -169 77q-63 78 -63 210q0 176 139 297q64 54 118 73q62 22 185 44zM323 165q0 117 -20 164t-69 47q-26 0 -37 -10q-13 -10 -13 -121q0 -149 27 -202&#xA;q15 -29 51 -29q35 0 48 31q13 30 13 120z" /></g></svg> Nanoparticles

Structured TiO<sub>2</sub> nanotubes were grown on 2&#x2009;mm thick titanium sheet by anodization of titanium in ethylene glycol medium containing 0.025&#x2009;M NaF. The morphology of TiO<sub>2</sub> nanotubes (TNT) was characterized using field emission scanning electron microscope. The potential of TNT as anode and also as photocatalyst for the degradation of tannic acid was studied. The mineralization of tannic acid was measured in terms Total Organic Carbon (TOC). Only 50&#x25; of TOC could be removed by exposing the tannic acid solution to UV-radiation (photolysis), whereas it was improved to 70&#x25; by electrooxidation (EO) using TNT as anode. Maximum degradation of 83&#x25; was achieved when electrooxidation was conducted under the influence of UV-radiation (photoelectrocatalytic process (PEC)). Among the electrolytes tried, Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> was observed to be very effective for the degradation of tannic acid. The kinetics of tannic acid degradation by photoelectrocatalytic process was found to follow zero-order rate expression.

N. Lakshmi Kruthika

G. Bhaskar Raju

S. Prabhakar

Degradation of Tannic Acid Using TiO<b><sub>2</sub></b> Nanotubes as Electrocatalyst

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Journal of Nanoscience