Clinical Relevance of the Advanced Microbiologic and Biochemical Investigations in Periodontal Diagnosis: A Critical Analysis

Table 2

Five-phase approach for translating research on biomarker applications.

Process	Phases	Description
Discovery: biomarkers and pathway elucidation	PHASE1	Exploratory study to identify potentially useful biomarkers.
Validation: efficacy in 2% population	PHASE2	To determine their capacity for distinguishing between cases with disease and those without.
Cohort and longitudinal validation: efficacy in an at-risk population	PHASE3	To determine the capacity of a biomarker to detect preclinical disease.
	PHASE4	Prospective screening studies.
Clinical use: diagnosis and prognosis	PHASE5	Large-scale population studies that evaluate overall impact of screening on the population.

Adopted from [109].