Clinical Relevance of the Advanced Microbiologic and Biochemical Investigations in Periodontal Diagnosis: A Critical Analysis

Table 3

Earlier and recent diagnostic biomarker kits available.

	Commercial kit	Details	Source	References
Earlier diagnostic kits	BANA periodontal test; (Ora Tec Corporation Manassas, USA)	It utilizes the BANA test for bacterial trypsin like proteases.	Subgingival plaque sample	[110]
	Evalusite test; (Kodak, Eastman company, Switzerland)	Immunological detection of antigens of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, P. intermedia, and P. gingivalis using antibodies	GCF	[111]
	Periocheck (ASTech); (CollaGenex Pharmaceuticals, Newtown, PA)	Detects presence of neutral proteinases, that is, collagenase	GCF	[110, 112]
	Perioscan; (Oral B Laboratories)	Detects enzymatic activity of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, T. forsythus, and P. gingivalis	Subgingival plaque sample	[110]
	Prognostik; (Dentsply)	Aids in detection of serine proteinases and elastases	GCF	[112]
	Biolise; (SLT-Labinstruments, Crailsheim, Germany)	Aids in detection of elastase	GCF	[84]
	Periogard; (Colgate)	Detects the presence of aspartate aminotransferase	GCF	[113, 114]
	Pocket watch; (SteriOss, San Diego, CA, USA)	Detects aspartate aminotransferase through colorimetric detection	GCF	[115]
	TOPAS; (Affinity Labelling Technologies, USA)	Detects toxins derived from anaerobic metabolism and measures GCF protein level	GCF	[114]
Recent diagnostic kits	MMP dipstick method	Helps in detection of MMPs	GCF	[44]
	Oral Fluid NanoSensor Test; (OFNASET)	Simultaneous and precise detection of multiple salivary proteins and nucleic acids. It analyzes saliva for the presence of four salivary mRNA biomarkers; (SAT, ODZ, IL-8, and IL-1b) and two salivary proteomic biomarkers (thioredoxin and IL-8)	Saliva	[116]
	Electronic Taste Chips	Detects multiple biomarkers for early diagnosis of periodontal disease	Saliva	[117]
	Integrated Microfluidic Platform For Oral Diagnostics (IMPOD)	For Oral Diagnostics rapidly (3–10 min) measures the concentrations of MMP-8 and other biomarkers in small amounts (10 mL) of saliva	Saliva	[118]
	Salivary diagnostic and research assay kits (Salimeterics)	Helps in the estimation of cytokines including interleukins, MMPs and so forth and various hormones including cortisol, cortinine, DHEA, testosterone, estradiol, progesterone, estriol in saliva	Saliva	[119]