A Critical Appraisal of Solubility Enhancement Techniques of Polyphenols

Table 1

Pharmacokinetic properties of polyphenols.

Polyphenol	Solubility (μg/mL)	Dose (μM)	𝐶max (μM)	𝑇max (h)	References
Phenolic acid
Ellagic acid	9.3	44.67	0.036	1.98	[8, 36]
Stilbenes
Resveratrol	30	109.5	0.031	0.5	[9, 85]
Flavonols
Quercetin	0.3	255	0.74	0.7	[10, 44]
Flavones
Apigenin	2.16	65.8	0.12	7.2	[11, 53]
Flavanones
Hesperetin	1.4	727	1.3	5.8	[12, 64]
Naringenin	45	166	0.2	5.0	[12, 72]
Anthocyanins
Cyanidin-3-rutinoside	—	137	0.05	1.5	[13]
Delphinidin-3-rutinoside	—	182	0.07	1.8	[13]
Isoflavones
Genistein	0.81	70	0.75	6.5	[14, 80]
Daidzein	8.215	98	0.79	6.5	[14, 15]