Prospect of Pongamia pinnata (Karanja) in Bangladesh: A Sustainable Source of Liquid Fuel

Table 4

Emission characteristics of biodiesel on engine performances.

Variable	Emission status	Reference
PM	Increase	[61, 100, 114–116, 124, 125]
	Decrease	[62–69, 80–83, 85, 94, 95, 101–107, 119–123]
HC	Increase	[96, 114, 115]
	Decrease	[63, 65, 67–69, 80–82, 84–86, 95, 100–105, 107–112, 117, 118, 121–123, 126, 127]
	Increase	[62, 63, 65, 67–73, 80, 83, 85, 86, 101, 107, 109–113, 117, 120, 126, 128–130]
	Decrease	[61, 64, 66, 81, 92, 97, 100, 103, 105, 114, 115, 118, 123, 126, 131–136]
CO	Increase	[96, 107, 114–118]
	Decrease	[61–64, 66–71, 73, 81, 83, 84, 93–95, 100–113, 128]
CO2	Increase	[67, 94–98]
	Decrease	[63, 64, 73, 82, 83, 92, 93]

PM: particulate matter, : nitrogen oxides, CO: carbon monoxide, HC: hydrocarbon, and CO₂: carbon dioxide.