Review of Ni-Cu Based Front Side Metallization for c-Si Solar Cells

Table 5

Solar cell performance data for front contacts with electroplated metal layer (s).

Result; type	Process; difference	Substrate; type	Cell area; (cm^2)	𝑉oc (mV)	𝐽sc (mA/cm^2)	pFF (%)	FF (%)	η (%)	Reference
Best	Before LIP	mc-Si	243.36	612.1	34.6	—	74.9	15.9	[28]
Best	After LIP	mc-Si	243.36	613.4	34.1	—	79.2	16.6
Average	Before LIP	mc-Si	243.36	610±2	34.5±0.1	—	74.3±0.6	15.6±0.2
Average	After LIP	mc-Si	243.36	611±2	34.1±0.1	—	77.9±0.9	16.3±0.2
Best	Ni-Ni-Cu-Sn	CZ	25	619	35.7	79.4	72.7	16.4	[25]
Best	Ni-Cu-Sn	CZ	25	624	35.4	79.7	69.5	15.4
Best	Ni-Cu-Sn	CZ	20.5	623	37.3	79.7	74.2	17.2
Best	Background plating present	CZ	—	639	38.7	—	74.2	18.3	[29]
Best	No background plating	CZ	—	634.3	38.7	—	78.3	19.2
Best	—	CZ	156.9	638.3±1.9	38.43±0.73	—	78.82±0.51	19.33±0.39	[30]