Measurement of Stigma in Men Who Have Sex with Men in Hanoi, Vietnam: Assessment of a Homosexuality-Related Stigma Scale

Table 1

Questionnaire items measuring homosexuality-related stigma (𝑛=451).

Items	Item wordings	Mean^%	SD^@
	Enacted homosexual stigma (factor 1)	1.59	0.43
Item 1	How often have you lost a job or career opportunity due to your engaging in homosexual activities	1.22	0.05
Item 2	How often has your family rejected (separated, disregarded, etc.) you because of your homosexuality	1.59	0.84
Item 3	How often have you lost a friend because that person know you are engaging in homosexual sex	2.07	1.07
Item 4	How often have you been teased or cursed by others because your engaging in homosexual sex	2.32	1.18
Item 5	How often have you been hit or beaten up due to your homosexuality	1.30	0.74
Item 6	How often have you been kicked out of school for being homosexual	1.01	0.12
Item 7	How often have you changed accommodation due to your homosexuality	1.38	0.77
Item 8	How often have you been refused in receiving health care because of your homosexuality	1.03	0.28
Item 9	How often are you afraid of seeking health care because of your homosexuality	2.38	1.19
	Perceived homosexual stigma (factor 2)	2.28	0.49
Item 10	Many people unwilling accept homosexual individuals	2.05	0.72
Item 11	Gay individuals would lose their heterosexual partners once they knew their homosexual relationship	1.87	0.76
Item 12	Many employers would underestimate a man due to his homosexuality regardless of his qualifications for the job	2.37	0.85
Item 13	Many people would treat a gay individual differently than others	2.05	0.80
Item 14	Many people have negative attitudes towards gay men	2.02	0.88
Item 15	Many people do not see gay individuals as normal men	2.13	0.85
Item 16	Gay individuals are not welcome in public gatherings, for example, party, night club, meeting, etc.	2.79	0.81
Item 17	Many families would be disappointed to have a gay son	1.89	0.84
Item 18	Many people think that most gay individuals are HIV positive and will die of AIDS	2.90	0.77
Item 19	Many people believe that gay individuals are promiscuous	2.40	0.83
Item 20	Many health staffs often show unpleasantness or negative attitude while dealing with homosexual individual	2.60	0.80
	Internalized homosexual stigma (factor 3)	2.19	0.51
Item 21	Sometimes, you wish you were not gay	2.10	0.80
Item 22	Sometimes, you think that if you were not homosexual, you would probably be happier	2.22	0.81
Item 23	To avoid disclosure of your homosexual status, you have tried to stop being attracted to men	2.27	0.73
Item 24	Sometimes, you wish you could become more sexually attracted to women	2.32	0.80
Item 25	You feel that being gay is a personal shortcoming for you	2.42	0.74
Item 26	Sometimes, you feel ashamed of your sexual orientation	2.40	0.97
Item 27	You are afraid family and friends will find out about your sexual orientation	1.81	0.77
Item 28	You try to look masculine in order to avoid other’s rejection	1.96	0.74

Note: ^%range (1–4); ^@SD: standard deviation.