Access to Basic HIV-Related Services and PrEP Acceptability among Men Who Have sex with Men Worldwide: Barriers, Facilitators, and Implications for Combination Prevention
Table 3
Bivariate associations between hypothesized predictor variables and highest access to HIV services.
Condoms
Lubricants
HIV testing*
HIV treatment*
OR
CI
OR
CI
OR
CI
OR
CI
Homophobia
0.53
0.48–0.59
0.000
0.39
0.35–0.44
0.000
0.38
0.33–0.42
0.000
0.38
0.29–0.49
0.000
Violence-MSM
0.84
0.76–0.93
0.001
0.67
0.58–0.78
0.000
0.73
0.65–0.83
0.000
0.64
0.51–0.80
0.000
Violence-HIV*
0.60
0.43–0.84
0.003
Provider stigma
0.57
0.46–0.70
0.000
0.69
0.53–0.91
0.007
0.61
0.47–0.80
0.000
0.77
0.54–1.10
0.152
PrEP stigma
Outness
1.20
1.14–1.26
0.000
1.22
1.15–1.30
0.000
1.37
1.29–1.46
0.000
1.28
1.08–1.51
0.005
Community Engagement
1.59
1.40–1.79
0.000
1.53
1.34–1.75
0.000
1.72
1.49–1.98
0.000
1.33
1.03–1.72
0.032
Connection to gay community
1.41
1.29–1.53
0.000
1.41
1.27–1.56
0.000
1.54
1.40–1.69
0.000
1.26
1.05–1.53
0.014
Comfort with provider
1.72
1.59–1.86
0.000
1.97
1.78–2.19
0.000
2.40
2.17–2.66
0.000
1.74
1.45–2.09
0.000
PrEP knowledge
Age (measured in decades)
1.08
1.03–1.14
0.004
1.23
1.16–1.30
0.000
1.41
1.32–1.50
0.000
1.18
1.02–1.36
0.027
Country income
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
High income (referent)
Low income
0.60
0.38–0.93
0.15
0.07–0.34
0.43
0.27–0.70
0.19
0.06–0.63
Lower-middle income
0.55
0.45–0.68
0.30
0.23–0.39
0.26
0.20–0.32
0.38
0.21–0.67
Upper-middle income
0.49
0.42–0.57
0.32
0.27–0.39
0.29
0.24–0.35
0.56
0.38–0.83
HIV status
0.565
0.542
No HIV positive (referent)
HIV positive
1.05
0.88–1.25
1.07
0.87–1.31
Education
0.514
0.078
0.985
0.381
No postsecondary (referent)
Postsecondary
0.94
0.79–1.13
0.83
0.67–1.02
1.00
0.82–1.22
0.83
0.55–1.25
Personal income
0.026
0.020
0.000
0.246
None (referent)
Low income/impoverished
1.22
0.88–1.71
1.17
0.79–1.72
1.40
0.95–2.06
1.13
0.40–3.16
Low-middle
0.93
0.72–1.21
0.97
0.71–1.31
1.06
0.79–1.41
0.96
0.37–2.44
Middle
1.19
0.92–1.53
1.24
0.92–1.67
1.32
1.01–1.73
0.83
0.33–2.13
High
1.24
0.87–1.77
1.54
1.03–2.29
2.00
1.37–2.93
1.93
0.59–6.26
Housing status
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.078
Stable place to live (referent)
Unstable or no place
0.67
0.56–0.80
0.60
0.47–0.75
0.56
0.46–0.69
0.70
0.47–1.04
Minority status
0.001
0.025
0.030
0.127
Not minority (referent)
Minority
1.30
1.11–1.52
1.22
1.02–1.45
1.21
1.02–1.44
0.78
0.57–1.07
Violence-HIV and HIV treatment access were only measured among participants who reported being HIV positive. Bivariate associations with HIV testing access were calculated among HIV negative participants.
