Clinical Experience Using Vitamin D and Analogs in the Treatment of Myelodysplasia and Acute Myeloid Leukemia: A Review of the Literature

Table 1

Clinical reports of vitamin D in the treatment of patients with AML and MDS.

Vitamin D derivative	Dose schedule	Duration of therapy	Concurrent agents	Disorder treated	Number treated	Response	First author	Reference
1 alpha(OH) vitamin D3	4.5 to 15 microgram/day	4 weeks	Single agent	AML	2	Transient decline in marrow blasts	Irino	[4]
				MDS	1	Transient decline in marrow blasts
Alfacalcidol	0.25 to 10 microgram/day	≥4 weeks	Single agent	AML	2	1 minor response	Takahashi	[5]
				MDS	11	3 partial and 1 minor response
1 alpha(OH) vitamin D3	1 microgram/day	>4 weeks	Single agent	AML	1	1 major response	Nakayama	[7]
1,25(OH)2 vitamin D3	2 microgram/day	12 weeks	Single agent	MDS	18	8 transient, partial responses	Koeffler	[6]
1 hydroxy vitamin D3	4 to 6 microgram/day	17 months	Single agent	MDS	15	Improved PFS compared to control	Motomura	[8]
Calcifediol	266 microgram 3 days/week	Up to 2 years	Single agent	MDS	5	1 major response	Mellibovsky	[9]
Calcitriol	0.25 to 0.75 microgram/day	Up to 2 years	Single agent	MDS	14	10 responders, 2 major	Mellibovsky	[9]
Alfacalcidiol	6 microgram/day	6 months	Single agent	MDS	13	1 transient response	Yoshida	[11]
Doxercalciferol	12.5 microgram/day	12 weeks	Single agent	MDS	15	No formal response	Petrich	[12]
1,25(OH)2 vitamin D3	0.75 microgram/day	12 weeks	Prednisone + 13 cis-Retinoic Acid	MDS	1	1 major response	Blazsek	[13]
1,25(OH)2 vitamin D3	13 microgram/day	16 weeks	Valproic acid	MDS	19	3 major response	Siitonen	[14]
1 alpha(OH) vitamin D3	1 microgram/day	Variable	Cytarabine ± IFN ± Retinoids	AML	15	5 responses (including stable disease)	Hellström	[15]
1 alpha(OH) vitamin D3	1 microgram/day	Variable	Cytarabine ± IFN ± Retinoids	MDS	47	22 responses (including stable disease)	Hellström	[15]
1 alpha(OH) vitamin D3	1 microgram/day	Variable	Cytarabine ± 13 cis-Retinoic Acid	MDS	69	13 responses	Hellström	[16]
1 alpha(OH) vitamin D3	1 microgram/day	Variable	Cytarabine ± 13 cis-Retinoic Acid	AML	15	5 responses	Hellström	[16]
1,25(OH)2 vitamin D3	0.75 microgram/day	Variable	Cytarabine + 13 cis-Retinoic Acid	MDS	44	22 responses	De Rosa	[17]
1,25(OH)2 vitamin D3	1 to 1.5 microgram/day	Until progression	13 cis-Retinoic Acid + 6TG	MDS	31	19 responses (patients with >5% blasts)	Ferrero	[18]
Dihydroxy-vitamin D3	1 microgram/day	Until progression	Cytarabine + 13 cis-Retinoic Acid	AML	26	15 responses among all treated	Ferrero	[19]
Dihydroxy-vitamin D3	1 microgram/day	Until progression	Cytarabine + 13 cis-Retinoic Acid	MDS	4	15 responses among all treated	Ferrero	[19]
1,25(OH)2 vitamin D3	0.5 microgram/day	Until progression	Cytarabine	AML	29	23	Slapak	[20]
1,25 di(OH) vitamin D3	1 microgram/day	>6 months	13-cis retinoic acid, 6TG, Epo	MDS	63	38	Ferrero	[21]
1-alpha hydroxy-vitamin; D3	0.75 microgram/day	16 weeks	Vitamin K	MDS	20	6	Akiyama	[22]