We have shown that dicyanogold(I), <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mo>[</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>Au</mml:mtext><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>CN</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow><mml:mo>]</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mtext>-</mml:mtext></mml:msup></mml:math> is a common metabolite found in blood andurine samples of patients treated with different gold based drugs. Some patients have high levelsof gold within their red blood cells (RBCs).   Size exclusion  and  C18  reversed phasechromatography show that the majority of the gold in RBC lysates is bound to protein, but smallmolecules such as dicyanogold(I) and gold-glutathione complexes are also present. Dicyanogoldincubation with red blood cells in vitro leads to a rapid and complete uptake of gold. This uptakeis unaffected by DIDS, an inhibitor of the anion channel, but is blocked by the addition of externalcyanide. Dicyanogold is also readily taken up by H9 cells, a continuous <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msup><mml:mtext>CD</mml:mtext><mml:mrow><mml:mn>4</mml:mn><mml:mo>+</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:math> cell line. Thisuptake is significantly inhibited by N-ethylmaleimide, suggesting a requirement for sulfhydrylgroups. Dicyanogold inhibits the replication of the AIDS virus, HIV, in a cell culture model.

Katherine  Tepperman

Yafei  Zhang

Pamela W. Roy

Roger  Floyd

Zheng  Zhao

John G. Dorsey

R. C. Elder

Transport of the Dicyanogold(I) Anion

The antibacterial activity of silver has long been known and has found a variety of applicationsbecause its toxicity to human cells is considerably lower than to bacteria.   The most widelydocumented uses are prophylactic treatment of burns and water disinfection. However, themechanisms by which silver kills cells are not known. Information on resistance mechanisms isapparently contradictory and even the chemistry of <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msup><mml:mtext>Ag</mml:mtext><mml:mo>+</mml:mo></mml:msup></mml:math> in such systems is poorly understood.Silver binds to many cellular components, with membrane components probably being moreimportant than nucleic acids. It is difficult to know whether strong binding reflects toxicity ordetoxification: some sensitive bacterial strains have been reported as accumulating more silver thanthe corresponding resistant strain, in others the reverse apparently occurs. In several casesresistance has been shown to be plasmid mediated. The plasmids are reported as difficult totransfer, and can also be difficult to maintain, as we too have found. Attempts to find biochemicaldifferences between resistant and sensitive strains have met with limited success:  differences aresubtle, such as increased cell surface hydrophobicity in a resistant <em>Escherichia coli.</em>Some of the problems are due to defining conditions in which resistance can be observed. Silver(I)has been shown to bind to components of cell culture media, and the presence of chloride isnecessary to demonstrate resistance. The form of silver used must also be considered. This isusually water soluble <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msub><mml:mtext>AgNO</mml:mtext><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math>, which readily precipitates as AgCl. The clinically preferred compoundis the highly insoluble silver sulfadiazine, which does not cause hypochloraemia in burns. It hasbeen suggested that resistant bacteria are those unable to bind <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msup><mml:mtext>Ag</mml:mtext><mml:mo>+</mml:mo></mml:msup></mml:math> more tightly than doeschloride. It may be that certain forms of insoluble silver are taken up by cells, as has been found fornickel. Under our experimental conditions, silver complexed by certain ligands is more cytotoxic than<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msub><mml:mtext>AgNO</mml:mtext><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math>, yet with related ligands is considerably less toxic. There is evidently a subtle interplay ofsolubility and stability which should reward further investigation.

Julia L. Clement

Penelope S. Jarrett

Antibacterial Silver

It has long been established by Khan that the superoxide anion, <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mo /><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mtext>O</mml:mtext><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow><mml:mo /></mml:mrow><mml:mtext>-</mml:mtext></mml:msup></mml:math>, generates singlet oxygen, <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mo /><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mtext>O</mml:mtext><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow><mml:mo /></mml:mrow><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:msup><mml:msub><mml:mi>&#x0394;</mml:mi><mml:mtext>g</mml:mtext></mml:msub></mml:math>,during dismutation. Auranofin, gold-phosphine thiols, &#946;-Carotene, and metal-sulfur compounds canrapidly quench singlet <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msub><mml:mtext>O</mml:mtext><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math>. The quenching of the <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mo /><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mtext>O</mml:mtext><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow><mml:mo /></mml:mrow><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:msup><mml:msub><mml:mi>&#x0394;</mml:mi><mml:mtext>g</mml:mtext></mml:msub></mml:math>, which exists at 7752 <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msup><mml:mtext>cm</mml:mtext><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>-</mml:mtext><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:math> above the ground statetriplet, may be due to the direct interaction of the singlet <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msub><mml:mtext>O</mml:mtext><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math> with gold(I) or may require special ligandssuch as those containing sulfur coordinated to the metal. Thus we have been examining the excited statebehavior of gold(I) species and the mechanisms for luminescence. Luminescence is observed undervarious conditions, with visible emission ranging from blue to red depending on the ligands coordinatedto gold(I). Triplet state emission can be found from mononuclear three coordinate Au(I) species, includingspecies which display this behavior in aqueous solution. A description is given of the luminescent threecoordinate TPA (triazaphosphaadamantane) and TPPTS (triphenylphosphine-trisulfonate) complexes,the first examples of water soluble luminescent species of gold(I).

John P. Fackler

Zerihun  Assefa

Jennifer M. Forward

Richard J. Staples

Excited States of Gold(I) Compounds, Luminescence and Gold-Gold Bonding

J.  Xiao

C. Frank Shaw III

The Exchange Rate of the Thiol Ligand of iP<svg style="vertical-align:-3.3907pt" height="12.0125" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 12.7625 12.0125" width="12.7625" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,7.725)"><path id="x72" d="M181 342h2q63 107 121 107q24 0 41 -16t17 -34q0 -34 -32 -49q-17 -7 -26 2q-21 20 -43 20q-20 0 -42 -22t-38 -63v-183q0 -50 12.5 -62t69.5 -16v-26h-230v26q47 5 58 17t11 61v207q0 49 -9 60.5t-53 16.5v23q74 12 141 40v-109z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,6.375,11.813)"><path id="x33" d="M285 378v-2q65 -13 102 -54.5t37 -97.5q0 -57 -30.5 -104.5t-74 -75t-85.5 -42t-72 -14.5q-31 0 -59.5 11t-40.5 23q-19 18 -16 36q1 16 23 33q13 10 24 0q58 -51 124 -51q55 0 88 40t33 112q0 64 -39 96.5t-88 32.5q-29 0 -64 -11l-6 29q77 25 118 57.5t41 84.5&#xA;q0 45 -26.5 69.5t-68.5 24.5q-67 0 -120 -79l-20 20l43 63q51 56 127 56h1q66 0 107 -37t41 -95q0 -42 -31 -71q-22 -23 -68 -54z" /></g></svg> PAuSATg With the
Cys-34 Residue of Bovine Serum Albumin

The role of hypochlorite ion, which can be generated by the enzyme myleoperoxidase, inthe biochemistry of gold(I) anti-arthritic drugs was investigated.  Sodium hypochlorite <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>OCl</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mo>&#x2212;</mml:mo></mml:msup></mml:mrow><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:math>directly and rapidly oxidizes AuSTm, <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo /><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>Au</mml:mtext><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mo /><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>CN</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub><mml:mo /></mml:mrow><mml:mo>-</mml:mo></mml:msup></mml:mrow><mml:mo /></mml:mrow></mml:mrow></mml:math>, AuSTg (gold thioglucose) and auranofin(E<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msub><mml:mtext>t</mml:mtext><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math>PAuSATg). The resulting gold(III) species were detected by an Ion Chromotography Ion-Pairingtechnique that was developed to distinguish gold(I) and gold(III). Formation of Au(III) was alsodemonstrated spectrophotometrically after the conversion to <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mo /><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>AuCl</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>4</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow><mml:mo /></mml:mrow><mml:mo>&#x2212;</mml:mo></mml:msup></mml:math>. The reactions of AuSTm,AuSTg, and auranofin are complex and gold(III) appears only after the initial oxidation of the thiolate(and phosphine) ligands.The enzymatic reaction, using MPO with <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msub><mml:mtext>H</mml:mtext><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub><mml:msub><mml:mtext>O</mml:mtext><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math> and <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>Cl</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mo>&#x2212;</mml:mo></mml:msup></mml:mrow></mml:math> as substrates, leads to slowoxidation of <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo /><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>Au</mml:mtext><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mo /><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>CN</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub><mml:mo /></mml:mrow><mml:mo>-</mml:mo></mml:msup></mml:mrow><mml:mo /></mml:mrow></mml:mrow></mml:math>, AuSTm or AuSTg. The extent and rate of reaction depend on theconcentrations of MPO, <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msub><mml:mtext>H</mml:mtext><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub><mml:msub><mml:mtext>O</mml:mtext><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math>, and Au(I). The continued presence of Au(I) during the initial stagesof reaction (oxidation of the thiolates in AuSTm and AuSTg) and the conversion to Au(III) in thelatter stages of the reaction were demonstrated.<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo /><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>Au</mml:mtext><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mo /><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>CN</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub><mml:mo /></mml:mrow><mml:mo>-</mml:mo></mml:msup></mml:mrow><mml:mo /></mml:mrow></mml:mrow></mml:math>, a gold metabolite, binds tightly to serum albumin. Unlike other gold(I)complexes, aurocyanide reacts almost negligibly at Cys-34 <em>via</em> ligand exchange. Instead, there isa strong association (<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mtext>K</mml:mtext><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math> &#61; 5.5 &#215; <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mn>10</mml:mn><mml:mn>4</mml:mn></mml:msup></mml:mrow></mml:math> and <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mtext>K</mml:mtext><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math> &#61; 7.0 &#215; <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mn>10</mml:mn><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:msup></mml:mrow></mml:math>; <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mtext>n</mml:mtext><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math> &#61; 0.8 and <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mtext>n</mml:mtext><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math> &#61; 3) of intact <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo /><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>Au</mml:mtext><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mo /><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>CN</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub><mml:mo /></mml:mrow><mml:mo>-</mml:mo></mml:msup></mml:mrow><mml:mo /></mml:mrow></mml:mrow></mml:math>.The full extent of binding is revealed only by equilibrium methods such as NMR or ultrafiltration; thebound gold dissociates extensively on conventional gel-exclusion columns and partially onPenefesky spun columns.The immunological and pharmacological significance of these results are discussed.

G. Frank Shaw III

Sabine  Schraa

Ernst  Gleichmann

Yash Paul Grover

Lothar  Dunemann

Annapurna  Jagarlamudi

Redox Chemistry and <svg style="vertical-align:-3.27605pt" height="16.275" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 78.824997 16.275" width="78.824997" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,12.137)"><path id="x5B" d="M290 -163h-170v866h170v-28q-79 -7 -94 -19.5t-15 -72.5v-627q0 -59 14.5 -71.5t94.5 -19.5v-28z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,5.927,12.137)"><path id="x41" d="M673 0h-245v28q47 6 58 16t1 39l-55 154h-213q-31 -87 -36 -129q-16 -47 -5 -61t68 -19v-28h-226v28q50 7 68.5 23.5t43.5 80.5l214 524l24 9l193 -536q23 -63 41.5 -79.5t68.5 -21.5v-28zM418 280l-81 255h-2q-74 -197 -101 -255h184z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,16.976,12.137)"><path id="x75" d="M518 50v-26q-32 -4 -77 -16l-37 -11t-33 -9l-6 6v71q-56 -42 -74 -52q-43 -25 -77 -25q-55 0 -89.5 36.5t-34.5 112.5v196q0 38 -6.5 48.5t-26.5 15.5l-28 6v23q19 1 72 7q59 9 71 11q-3 -31 -3 -145v-135q0 -113 88 -113q59 0 108 48v234q0 38 -8 49t-34 15l-36 6v23&#xA;q44 2 90 8q37 4 67 10v-334q0 -37 8.5 -47t38.5 -12z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,26.003,12.137)"><path id="x28" d="M300 -147l-18 -23q-106 71 -159 185.5t-53 254.5v1q0 139 53 252.5t159 186.5l18 -24q-74 -62 -115.5 -173.5t-41.5 -242.5q0 -130 41.5 -242.5t115.5 -174.5z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,31.884,12.137)"><path id="x43" d="M614 175l29 -10q-33 -109 -57 -154q-121 -26 -184 -26q-90 0 -160.5 29t-112.5 77t-63.5 105.5t-21.5 119.5q0 157 108 253t277 96q36 0 71.5 -5t69 -13.5t36.5 -8.5q15 -102 20 -150l-29 -8q-20 79 -66.5 114t-128.5 35q-119 0 -187.5 -86t-68.5 -207&#xA;q0 -140 73.5 -227.5t188.5 -87.5q73 0 119.5 37.5t86.5 116.5z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,43.188,12.137)"><path id="x4E" d="M719 650v-28q-43 -2 -62 -15t-22 -44q-6 -47 -6 -169v-403h-31l-426 524h-2v-251q0 -111 6 -169q4 -37 24 -50.5t72 -16.5v-28h-237v28q45 2 64.5 16t23.5 49q6 62 6 171v220q0 54 -3 68.5t-17 32.5q-16 19 -34.5 26.5t-54.5 10.5v28h147l418 -502h3v246q0 117 -7 166&#xA;q-4 34 -24.5 47t-73.5 15v28h236z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,55.818,12.137)"><path id="x29" d="M275 270q0 -296 -211 -440l-19 23q75 62 116.5 174t41.5 243t-42 243t-116 173l19 24q211 -144 211 -440z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,61.7,16.212)"><path id="x32" d="M412 140l28 -9q0 -2 -35 -131h-373v23q112 112 161 170q59 70 92 127t33 115q0 63 -31 98t-86 35q-75 0 -137 -93l-22 20l57 81q55 59 135 59q69 0 118.5 -46.5t49.5 -122.5q0 -62 -29.5 -114t-102.5 -130l-141 -149h186q42 0 58.5 10.5t38.5 56.5z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,68.038,3.975)"><path id="x2D" d="M300 253l-14 -55h-229l14 55h229z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,72.888,12.137)"><path id="x5D" d="M226 -163h-170v27q79 7 94 20t15 73v627q0 59 -15 72t-94 20v27h170v-866z" /></g></svg> in the Formation of Gold Metabolites

The unusual yellow color of <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msub><mml:mtext>Au</mml:mtext><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math>(dppm)<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>SR</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math> (R &#61; 4-tolyl; dppm &#61; diphenylphosphinomethane) isattributed to a red-shift in the S&#8594;Au charge transfer caused by destabilization of the sulfur highestoccupied molecular orbital (HOMO). Variable temperature experiments show two broad bands at-80&#176;C in the <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mmultiscripts><mml:mtext>P</mml:mtext><mml:mprescripts /><mml:none /><mml:mrow><mml:mn>31</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:mmultiscripts><mml:mrow><mml:mo>{</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mmultiscripts><mml:mtext>H</mml:mtext><mml:mprescripts /><mml:none /><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:mmultiscripts></mml:mrow><mml:mo>}</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:math> NMR spectrum of <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msub><mml:mtext>Au</mml:mtext><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math>(dppm)<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>SR</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math> and the activation energy forinterconversion is 10 kcal/mol. Only one sharp band is observed down to -80&#176;C in the spectrum ofthe white complex, <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msub><mml:mtext>Au</mml:mtext><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math>(dppe)<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>SR</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math> (dppe &#61; diphenylphosphinoethane). Molecular mechanicscalculations on <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msub><mml:mtext>Au</mml:mtext><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math>(dppm)<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>SR</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math> and <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msub><mml:mtext>Au</mml:mtext><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math>(dppe)<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>SR</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math> reveal that, for <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msub><mml:mtext>Au</mml:mtext><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math>(dppe)<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>SR</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math>, a series ofmaxima and minima, separated by 2.5 kcal/mol, occur every 120&#176; which is consistent with rotationaround an unhindered carbon-phosphorus single bond. The Au atoms are not within bondingdistance in any conformation. Computational results for <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msub><mml:mtext>Au</mml:mtext><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math>(dppm)<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>SR</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math> indicate one minimumenergy structure in which the Au-P bonds are anti. There is a high energy conformation (9 kcal/molabove the global minimum) where overlap between golds is maximized. The implications ofgold-gold bonding in this complex are discussed. The steric influence of the thiolate ligand hasbeen examined by synthesizing a series of dinuclear gold(I) complexes in which the stericproperties of the thiolate are varied: <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msub><mml:mtext>Au</mml:mtext><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math>(dppm)<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>SR</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math> (R &#61; 2,6-dichlorophenyl; 2,6-dimethylphenyl;3,5-dimethylphenyl). The 2,6-disubstituted complexes are white, while the 3,5-dimethyl complex isyellow. These results, along with VT-NMR experiments, are consistent with the conclusion that themore sterically-bulky thiolates hinder the close approach of the golds in the dinuclear complexes.

Janet  Foley

Raymond C. Fort

Katherine  McDougal

Mitchell R. M. Bruce

Alice E. Bruce

Electronic and Steric Effects in Gold(I) Phosphine ThiolateComplexes

Sabine L. Best

Tapan K. Chattopadhyay

Milos I. Djuran

Muhammed A. Mazid

Rex A. Palmer

Peter  Sadler

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M. Naseem Akhtar

Anvarhusein A. Isab

Abdul Rahman  Al-Arfaj

Mohammed I. M. Wazeer


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Binding of <svg style="vertical-align:-3.27605pt" height="16.3125" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 111.4625 16.3125" width="111.4625" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,12.162)"><path id="x5B" d="M290 -163h-170v866h170v-28q-79 -7 -94 -19.5t-15 -72.5v-627q0 -59 14.5 -71.5t94.5 -19.5v-28z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,5.927,12.162)"><path id="x41" d="M673 0h-245v28q47 6 58 16t1 39l-55 154h-213q-31 -87 -36 -129q-16 -47 -5 -61t68 -19v-28h-226v28q50 7 68.5 23.5t43.5 80.5l214 524l24 9l193 -536q23 -63 41.5 -79.5t68.5 -21.5v-28zM418 280l-81 255h-2q-74 -197 -101 -255h184z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,16.976,12.162)"><path id="x75" d="M518 50v-26q-32 -4 -77 -16l-37 -11t-33 -9l-6 6v71q-56 -42 -74 -52q-43 -25 -77 -25q-55 0 -89.5 36.5t-34.5 112.5v196q0 38 -6.5 48.5t-26.5 15.5l-28 6v23q19 1 72 7q59 9 71 11q-3 -31 -3 -145v-135q0 -113 88 -113q59 0 108 48v234q0 38 -8 49t-34 15l-36 6v23&#xA;q44 2 90 8q37 4 67 10v-334q0 -37 8.5 -47t38.5 -12z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,26.003,12.162)"><path id="x28" d="M300 -147l-18 -23q-106 71 -159 185.5t-53 254.5v1q0 139 53 252.5t159 186.5l18 -24q-74 -62 -115.5 -173.5t-41.5 -242.5q0 -130 41.5 -242.5t115.5 -174.5z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,31.884,12.162)"><path id="x64" d="M517 51v-25q-101 -18 -155 -38v65l-61 -36q-50 -29 -78 -29q-68 0 -126.5 58t-58.5 155q0 103 77 175.5t180 72.5q36 0 67 -12v143q0 48 -11.5 58.5t-65.5 14.5v25q79 9 156 34v-597q0 -38 7.5 -48t36.5 -13zM362 85v275q-35 51 -103 51q-20 0 -40.5 -8.5t-42 -28&#xA;t-35 -57.5t-13.5 -89q0 -83 42 -130t96 -47q51 0 96 34z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,40.86,12.162)"><path id="x69" d="M135 536q-20 0 -35 15.5t-15 35.5q0 22 15 37t36 15t35.5 -15t14.5 -37q0 -21 -15 -36t-36 -15zM252 0h-220v26q48 5 59 17t11 63v206q0 47 -9 58t-54 18v24q78 12 142 39v-345q0 -51 11.5 -63t59.5 -17v-26z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,45.415,12.162)"><path id="x65" d="M380 106l15 -22q-42 -52 -87 -74t-76 -22q-89 0 -142 62t-53 151q0 103 66 175q67 73 146 73h1q61 0 105.5 -46.5t44.5 -105.5q0 -16 -4.5 -22.5t-18.5 -9.5q-54 -10 -262 -17q1 -95 46 -143.5t104 -48.5q61 0 115 50zM225 412q-35 0 -64.5 -32.5t-40.5 -90.5q83 0 170 3&#xA;q14 0 19 4.5t5 15.5q1 41 -23.5 70.5t-65.5 29.5z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,52.64,12.162)"><path id="x6E" d="M524 0h-209v26q44 5 55 18t11 65v167q0 114 -91 114q-50 0 -109 -51v-235q0 -50 10 -61.5t55 -16.5v-26h-217v26q51 5 62 17t11 61v206q0 47 -9.5 58.5t-50.5 19.5v23q82 15 139 40v-79l67 47q47 30 83 30q60 0 94.5 -40t34.5 -112v-193q0 -50 10 -61.5t54 -16.5v-26z&#xA;" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,61.938,12.162)"><path id="x29" d="M275 270q0 -296 -211 -440l-19 23q75 62 116.5 174t41.5 243t-42 243t-116 173l19 24q211 -144 211 -440z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,67.82,12.162)"><path id="x43" d="M614 175l29 -10q-33 -109 -57 -154q-121 -26 -184 -26q-90 0 -160.5 29t-112.5 77t-63.5 105.5t-21.5 119.5q0 157 108 253t277 96q36 0 71.5 -5t69 -13.5t36.5 -8.5q15 -102 20 -150l-29 -8q-20 79 -66.5 114t-128.5 35q-119 0 -187.5 -86t-68.5 -207&#xA;q0 -140 73.5 -227.5t188.5 -87.5q73 0 119.5 37.5t86.5 116.5z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,79.192,12.162)"><path id="x6C" d="M238 0h-223v26q48 5 60 17t12 61v473q0 50 -10.5 60.5t-58.5 15.5v24q73 8 148 35v-608q0 -49 11.5 -61t60.5 -17v-26z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,83.492,12.162)"><path id="x5D" d="M226 -163h-170v27q79 7 94 20t15 73v627q0 59 -15 72t-94 20v27h170v-866z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,89.357,12.162)"><use xlink:href="#x43"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,100.746,12.162)"><use xlink:href="#x6C"/></g><g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,105.062,16.25)"><path id="x32" d="M412 140l28 -9q0 -2 -35 -131h-373v23q112 112 161 170q59 70 92 127t33 115q0 63 -31 98t-86 35q-75 0 -137 -93l-22 20l57 81q55 59 135 59q69 0 118.5 -46.5t49.5 -122.5q0 -62 -29.5 -114t-102.5 -130l-141 -149h186q42 0 58.5 10.5t38.5 56.5z" /></g></svg> to Tripeptides

Amalia  Munoz

Exchange Reactions Between Albumin-Gold(I)-Triethylphosphine and
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Metal-Based Drugs

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