Role of Different Pfcrt and Pfmdr-1 Mutations in Conferring Resistance to Antimalaria Drugs in Plasmodium falciparum

Table 7

List of chloroquine resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum along with their geographic distribution and both pfcrt and pfmdr-1 haplotypes.

Strain

Geographic distribution

CQR reversal by VPL

Pfcrt haplotype

Pfmdr-1

72

74

75

76

97

123

144

148

152

160

163

194

198

205

220

271

275

277

326

333

350

356

371

86

184

1034

1042

1246

CQ resistant strains

H

A

L

L

I

E

T

N

T

K1H

Southeast Asia (Thailand)

✓

C

I

E

T

H

H

A

L

T

L

S

I

E

T

S

E

P

N

S

T

C

I

I

J9

Southeast Asia (Thailand)

✓

C

I

E

A

H

H

A

L

T

L

S

I

E

T

S

E

P

D

S

T

C

I

I

BC7

Thailand

C

I

E

T

H

H

A

L

T

L

S

I

E

T

S

E

P

N

S

T

C

T

I

BC22

Thailand

C

I

E

T

H

H

A

L

T

L

S

I

K

T

S

E

P

N

S

T

C

T

I

KS28

Thailand

C

I

E

T

H

H

A

L

T

L

S

I

E

T

S

E

P

N

S

T

C

T

I

Dd2

Southeast Asia (Indochina and Laos)

✓

C

I

E

T

H

H

A

L

T

L

S

I

E

T

S

E

P

N

S

T

C

T

I

K76I (J34)

Southeast Asia

✓

C

I

E

I

H

H

A

L

T

L

S

I

E

T

S

E

P

N

S

T

C

I

I

PH1

The Philippines

C

M

N

T

H

H

T

L

T

Y

S

I

E

T

A

Q

P

N

D

T

C

I

R

PH2

The Philippines

S

M

N

T

H

H

T

L

T

Y

S

I

E

T

A

Q

P

N

D

T

C

I

R

738

Cambodia

C

I

D

T

H

H

A

I

T

L

S

T

E

T

S

E

P

N

N

T

S

I

R

734

Cambodia

C

I

D

T

H

H

A

I

T

L

S

T

E

T

S

E

P

N

N

T

S

I

R

783

Cambodia

C

I

E

T

H

H

A

L

T

L

S

I

E

T

S

E

P

N

D

T

S

T

I

TM90-6CB

Thailand

✓

C

I

E

T

Q

H

A

L

L

S

I

E

T

S

N

N

S

T

I

N

F

C

D

Y

TM6

Thailand

R

A

L

L

I

E

K

N

T

TM93-C1088

Thailand

H

A

L

L

I

E

T

N

T

2300

INDONESIA

C

I

K

T

H

H

A

L

T

L

S

I

E

T

S

E

P

N

S

T

S

I

I

PNG4

PNG

S

M

N

T

H

H

A

L

T

L

S

I

E

T

A

Q

P

N

D

T

C

L

R

APO41

Africa (Nigeria)

✓

C

I

E

T

H

H

A

L

L

I

E

T

S

N

N

T

I

N

F

S

N

D

N60

Africa (Nigeria)

✓

C

I

E

T

H

H

A

L

L

I

E

T

S

N

N

T

I

N

Y

S

N

D

N62

Africa (Nigeria)

✓

C

I

E

T

H

H

A

L

L

I

E

T

S

N

N

T

I

Y

F

S

N

D

P05.02 and P51.02

Africa (Pikine/Senegal).

✓

C

I

E

T

H

H

A

L

L

I

E

T

S

N

S

T

I

Y

F

S

N

D

P26.02

Africa (Pikine/Senegal)

✓

C

I

E

T

H

H

A

L

L

I

E

T

S

N

N

T

S

Y

F

S

N

D

GB4

Ghana

C

I

E

T

H

H

A

L

T

L

S

I

E

T

S

E

P

N

N

T

S

I

R

7G8

South America (Brazil)

X

S

M

N

T

H

H

A

L

T

L

S

I

E

T

S

Q

P

N

D

T

C

L

R

N

F

C

D

Y

J3D4

H

A

L

L

I

E

T

N

T

G209

South America

X

S

M

N

T

H

H

A

L

T

L

S

I

E

T

S

Q

P

N

D

T

R

L

R

N

F

S

D

Y

G224

South America

X

S

M

N

T

H

H

A

L

T

L

S

I

E

T

S

Q

P

N

D

T

C

L

R

N

F

S

D

Y

TU741

Colombia

C

M

N

T

H

H

A

L

T

L

S

I

E

T

S

Q

P

N

D

T

N

L

R

JAV

Colombia

C

M

E

T

H

H

A

L

T

L

S

I

E

T

S

Q

P

N

N

T

S

I

T

TA7519

Colombia

C

M

E

T

Q

H

A

L

T

L

S

I

E

T

S

Q

P

N

N

T

S

I

T

TA6182

Colombia

C

M

E

T

Q

H

A

L

T

L

S

I

E

T

S

Q

P

N

S

T

S

I

T

ECU1110

Ecuador

C

M

N

T

H

H

A

L

T

L

S

S

Q

P

N

D

T

S

L

R