Language Development across the Life Span: A Neuropsychological/Neuroimaging Perspective

Table 5

Mean and (standard deviations) for different verbal fluency tests by age group.

Reference		Language	Age group and task	Age groups
Albert et al. [149]	80	English	Age group		30–39	50–59	60–69	70–80
			FAS		49.2 (9.11)	46.1 (9.4)	45.3 (11.6)	39.7 (10.4)
Auriacombe et al. [150]	1133	French	Age group				≤74	75–79	80–84	≥85
			Letter (L & P)				19.8 (7.7)	17.8 (7.5)	15.2 (6.5)	15 (6.1)
			Color & Animals				31.4 (7.6)	29.2 (6.9)	26.6 (6.6)	23.9 (6.2)
Bolla et al. [151]	478	English	Age group			55–69		70–79	80–94
			Animals			19.6 (4.1)		18.8 (4.7)	18.3 (4.7)
			Fruits			15.4 (3.2)		15.1 (3.5)	13.5 (3.3)
			Vegetables			14.2 (3.1)		14.2 (3.4)	12.7 (3.5)
			FAS			48.4 (11.7)		47.8 (13.2)	44.8 (12.9)
Chan and Poon [148]	226	Chinese	Age groups	19–30	31–40	41–50	51–60	61–70	71–80
			Animals	19.6 (4.0)	16.8 (4.6)	16.3 (3.4)	15.5 (5.4)	15.8 (4.3)	13.6 (3.7)
			Transportation	14.1 (3.3)	13.0 (3.0)	12.8 (3.6)	9.4 (3.3)	10.3 (3.5)	9.1 (3.2)
Foldi et al. [152]	73	English	Age groups	18–39		40–59	60–74	75–88
			Animals	21.4 (3.7)		21.1 (5.0)	17.2 (5.1)	15.1 (4.9)
			Letter M	13.3 (3.3)		13.1 (3.5)	10.7 (3.5)	10.8 (4.7)
Gordon and Kindred [153]	56	English	Age groups		30–49		50–69	70–90
			Animals		27.8		24.5	21.5
			FAS		16.7		15.5	13.6
Kavé [154]	369	Hebrew	Age groups	18–30	31–50	51–70		71–85
			Bet	13.5 (3.7)	11.8 (3.6)	11.1 (3.5)		9.5 (2.9)
			Gimel	14.4 (3.5)	12.9 (3.5)	12.1 (3.1)		10.4 (3.6)
			Shin	15.2 (4.0)	14.2 (3.9)	13.3 (3.7)		10.9 (3.2)
			Animals	24.8 (5.2)	22.8 (5.5)	19.8 (5.1)		17.9 (4.7)
			Fruits and vegetables	23.2 (4.5)	23.1 (4.6)	21.1 (4.3)		18.0 (4.4)
			Vehicles	15.1 (3.4)	15.4 (3.9)	13.6 (3.6)		11.7 (3.0)
Khalil [155]	215	Arabic	Age groups	17–29	30–39	40–59
			Phonemic WRG	29.2 (5.0)	29.8 (4.7)	24.1 (3.0)
			Animals	16.6 (3.3)	17.8 (2.5)	14.9 (3.4)
Mejia et al. [156]	60	Spanish	Age groups			55–70		71–85
			FAS			10.2 (8.3)		8.0 (2.9)
			Animals and fruits			14.2 (2.2)		11.6 (3.0)
Sauzéon et al. [157]	40	French	Age groups	18–23		65–75
			Phonemic FS	29.6 (3.77)		29.2 (4.27)
			Supermarket	22.6 (2.92)		24.3 (2.82)
Ryu et al. [158]	3025	Korean	Age			60–69	70–74	74–79	80–84	≥85
						13.6 (4.0)	13.3 (3.9)	12.9 (3.8)	12.4 (3.7)	11.9 (3.7)
Stokholm et al. [159]	100	Danish	Age group				60–87
			Animals				21.3 (4.8)
			Supermarket				23.6 (5.8)
			S-words				13.7 (5.8)
			Action word				13.3 (4.7)
Troyer et al. [160]	95	English	Age group	18–35	60–89
			FAS	41.9 (11.5)	41.3 (10.9)
			Animals	21.8 (5.7)	17.8 (4.2)
Schmitter-Edgecombe et al. [161]	78	English	Age group	18–22			58–74	75–93
			FAS	43.3 (11.4)			41.4 (9.8)	37.4 (8.5)
			Animals	20.2 (3.7)			21.1 (4.8)	17.1 (4.7)
Tallberg et al. [147]	165	Swedish	Age group	16–29		30–64		65–89
			FAS	40.0 (10.7)		45.7 (11.7)		40.9 (12.6)
			Animals	24.7 (4.6)		26.0 (5.9)		19.2 (5.7)
Wecker et al. [162]	719	English	Age group	20–29	30–39	40–49	50–59	60–69	70–79	80–89
			Animals	20.0 (4.5)	20.5 (4.2)	19.8 (4.3)	18.3 (4.3)	17.1 (4.2)	16.3 (3.8)	14.6 (3.8)