With an ever-increasing population of Alzheimer&#x2019;s disease (AD) patients worldwide, a noninvasive treatment for AD is needed.  In this paper, the application of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulus (rTMS) as a treatment for patients with probable AD is compared to the application of rTMS as a treatment for depression.  Comorbidity of depression and dementia is discussed, as well as possible links between the two diseases.  The possible confounding antidepressant effects of rTMS on cognitive improvements in AD patients are discussed.

Grant Rutherford

Rebecca Gole

Zahra Moussavi

rTMS as a Treatment of Alzheimer&#x2019;s Disease with and without Comorbidity of Depression: A Review

The roles of integrin subunits and intracellular molecules in regulating the migration and neuritogenesis of neurons isolated from 16.5 gestation days rat fetal cortices were examined using in vitro assays. 
 Results showed that laminin supported the migration of fetal cortical neurons better than fibronectin and that the fetal cortical neurons migrated on laminin using &#x3b2;1 and &#x3b1;3 integrin subunits which make up the &#x3b1;3&#x3b2;1 integrin receptor. On fibronectin, the migration was mediated by &#x3b2;1 integrin subunit. Perturbation of src kinase, phospholipase C, or protein kinase C activity, inhibition of IP3 receptor mediated calcium release, or chelation of intracellular calcium inhibited both migration and neuritogenesis, whereas inhibition of growth factor signaling via MEK inhibited only the neuritogenesis. The detection of &#x3b1;1 and &#x3b1;9 transcripts suggested that the migration of fetal cortical neurons may also be mediated by &#x3b1;1&#x3b2;1 and &#x3b1;9&#x3b2;1 integrin receptors. 
 Results showed that calcium may regulate migration and neuritogenesis by maintaining optimum levels of microtubules in the fetal cortical neurons. 
 It is concluded that the fetal cortical neurons are fully equipped with the integrin signaling cascade required for their migration and neuritogenesis, whereas crosstalk between the integrin and growth-factor signaling regulate only the neuritogenesis.

Ujjwal K. Rout

Roles of Integrins and Intracellular Molecules in the Migration and Neuritogenesis of Fetal Cortical Neurons: MEK Regulates Only the Neuritogenesis

Rationale. This paper describes the rationale and design of the SHEF-CSVD Study, which aims to determine the long-term clinical and radiological course of cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) and to evaluate haemostatic and haemodynamic prognostic factors of the condition. Design. This single-centre, prospective, non-interventional cohort study will follow 150 consecutive patients with different clinical manifestations of CSVD (lacunar ischaemic stroke, vascular dementia, vascular parkinsonism or spontaneous deep, intracerebral haemorrhage) and 50 age- and sex-matched controls over a period of 24 months. The clinical and radiological course will be evaluated basing on a detailed neurological, neuropsychological and MRI examinations. Haemodynamic (cerebral vasoreactivity, 24&#x2009;h blood pressure control) and haemostatic factors (markers of endothelial and platelet dysfunction, brachial artery flow-mediated dilatation test) will be determined. Discussion. The scheduled study will specifically address the issue of haemodynamic and haemostatic prognostic factors and their course over time in various clinical manifestations of CSVD. The findings may aid the development of prophylactic strategies and individualised treatment plans, which are critical during the early stages of the disease.

Jacek Staszewski

Renata Piusi&#x144;ska-Macoch

Ewa Skrobowska

Bogdan Brodacki

Rafa&#x142; Pawlik

Tomasz Dutkiewicz

Wies&#x142;aw Piechota

Alicja R&#x105;czka


							Kazimierz Tomczykiewicz

Adam St&#x119;pie&#x144;

Significance of Haemodynamic and Haemostatic Factors in the Course of Different Manifestations of Cerebral Small Vessel Disease: The SHEF-CSVD Study&#x2014;Study Rationale and Protocol

Background. Altered circadian cortisol and melatonin rhythms in healthy subjects exposed to an extreme polar photoperiod results in changes in mood and sleep, which can influence cognitive performance. Materials and Methods. We assessed the circadian rhythm of 20 subjects who wintered over at Maitri (<svg style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt;width:21.475px;" id="M1" height="13.1375" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 21.475 13.1375" width="21.475" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
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</svg>S, 
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			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,12.875)"><path id="x31" d="M384 0h-275v27q67 5 81.5 18.5t14.5 68.5v385q0 38 -7.5 47.5t-40.5 10.5l-48 2v24q85 15 178 52v-521q0 -55 14.5 -68.5t82.5 -18.5v-27z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,8.222,12.875)"><use xlink:href="#x31"/></g>

			<g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,16.375,4.712)"><use xlink:href="#x2218"/></g>

		
	
</svg>E), India&#x2019;s permanent Antarctic station, from November 2010 to December 2011. Serum cortisol and melatonin levels were measured by radioimmunoassay at 8&#x2009;am, 3&#x2009;pm, 8&#x2009;pm, and 2&#x2009;am in a single day, once each during the polar summer and winter photoperiods. Conventional psychological tests, Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-42), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), and a computerized neurocognitive test battery were used to measure mood, sleep, and cognitive performance. Results. The mean scores for DASS42 were higher during midwinter suggesting the presence of &#x201c;overwintering.&#x201d; Mean diurnal cortisol levels during summer and winter were comparable, but the levels of melatonin were markedly higher during winter. Higher 8&#x2009;am melatonin levels were associated with better sleep quality, lower depression scores, and better performance in tasks like attention, visual memory, and arithmetic. Conclusion. Timing of artificial light exposure and usage of melatonin supplements in improving sleep and cognitive performance in expedition teams are of future research interest.

Madhumita Premkumar

Tarulata Sable

Dinesh Dhanwal

Richa Dewan

Circadian Levels of Serum Melatonin and Cortisol in relation to Changes in Mood, Sleep, and Neurocognitive Performance, Spanning a Year of Residence in Antarctica

This study set out to assess the neurobehavioral effects of subchronic, oral bromocriptine methanesulfonate using the open field and the Y-maze in healthy male mice. Sixty adult Swiss albino mice were assigned into three groups. Controls received normal saline, while test groups received bromocriptine methanesulfonate at 2.5 and 5&#x2009;mg/kg/day, respectively, for a period of 21 days. Neurobehavioral tests were carried out on days 1 and 21 after administration. Open field assessment on day 1 after administration revealed significant increase in grooming at 2.5 and 5&#x2009;mg/kg, while horizontal and vertical locomotion showed no significant changes. Day 1 also showed no significant changes in Y-maze alternation. On day 21, horizontal locomotion, rearing, and grooming were increased significantly at 2.5 and 5&#x2009;mg/kg doses after administration; also, spatial memory was significantly enhanced at 2.5&#x2009;mg/kg. In conclusion, the study demonstrates the ability of oral bromocriptine to affect neurobehavior in normal mice. It also suggests that there is a cumulative effect of oral bromocriptine on the behaviors studied with more changes being seen after subchronic administration rather than after a single oral dose.

Olakunle James Onaolapo

Adejoke Yetunde Onaolapo

Subchronic Oral Bromocriptine Methanesulfonate Enhances Open Field Novelty-Induced Behavior and Spatial Memory in Male Swiss Albino Mice

Visual evoked potentials is an important visual electrophysiological tool which has been used for the evaluation of visual field defects in primary open-angle glaucoma and is an appropriate objective measure of optic nerve function. Significant correlations between the magnitude of the VEP parameters and MD of Humphrey static perimetry suggest that the impaired visual cortical responses observed in glaucoma patients can be revealed by both electrophysiological and psychophysical methods. In addition, the severity of global glaucomatous damage evidenced by reduction in MD could depend on the delay in neural conduction from retina to the visual cortex as revealed by the significant correlation between VEP latencies and MD which also supports the validity of the VEP testing in progression of glaucoma.

Ruchi Kothari

Pradeep Bokariya

Smita Singh

Ramji Singh

Significance of Visual Evoked Potentials in the Assessment of Visual Field Defects in Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma: A Review

With the rapid advances in neurosciences in the last three decades, there has been an exponential increase in the use of neuroimaging both in basic sciences and clinical research involving human subjects. During routine neuroimaging, incidental findings that are not part of the protocol or scope of research agenda can occur and they often pose a challenge as to how they should be handled to abide by the medicolegal principles of research ethics. This paper reviews the issue from various ethical (do no harm, general duty to rescue, and mutual benefits and owing) and medicolegal perspectives (legal liability, fiduciary duties, Law of Tort, and Law of Contract) with a suggested protocol of approach.

Lawrence Leung

Incidental Findings in Neuroimaging: Ethical and Medicolegal Considerations

Aim. To evaluate the frequency of atypical and malignant meningiomas and analyze recurrence rate; to study the morbidity and mortality of these tumors compared to benign meningiomas. Methods. During 1992&#x2013;2007, 16 patients with malignant and 16 patients with atypical meningioma were operated in Neurosurgery Department of Thessaloniki's Papanikolaou Hospital. We analyzed tumor histology, location, and extent of surgical resection with respect to tumor reappearance and patients' outcome and compared the behavior of benign versus nonbenign meningiomas. Results. Malignant meningiomas accounted for 4.4&#x25; (16 patients) and atypical meningiomas for another 4.4&#x25; of the series of patients (353) who were operated for intracranial meningioma at our department that period. 
Malignant meningiomas recurred at a rate of 75&#x25; and atypical meningiomas recurred at a rate of 41.6&#x25;. There was a significant association of the histological classification (benign, atypical, and malignant) with recurrence (<svg style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt;width:58.712502px;" id="M1" height="11.375" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 58.712502 11.375" width="58.712502" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
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</svg>). The recurrence rate after complete resection was 13.8&#x25;. The recurrence rate for incomplete resection was 46.7&#x25;. Extent of tumor removal was significant to recurrence (<svg style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt;width:66.875px;" id="M2" height="11.375" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 66.875 11.375" width="66.875" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
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</svg>) for benign as well for atypical and malignant meningiomas. 
Tumor location (<svg style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt;width:58.712502px;" id="M3" height="11.375" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 58.712502 11.375" width="58.712502" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x1D443"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,15.582,11.112)"><path id="x3E" d="M512 230l-437 -233v58l378 199v2l-378 200v58l437 -233v-51z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,30.286,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x30"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,38.446,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x2E"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,42.321,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x30"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,50.481,11.112)"><path id="x35" d="M153 550l-26 -186q79 31 111 31q90 0 141.5 -51t51.5 -119q0 -93 -89 -166q-85 -69 -173 -71q-32 0 -61.5 11.5t-41.5 23.5q-18 17 -17 34q2 16 22 33q14 9 26 -1q61 -50 124 -50q60 0 93 43.5t33 104.5q0 69 -41.5 110t-121.5 41q-53 0 -102 -20l38 305h286l6 -8&#xA;l-26 -65h-233z" /></g>

		
	
</svg>) was not significant to recurrence. Conclusions. Atypical and malignant meningiomas appeared at a rate of 8.8&#x25; of our series of intracranial meningiomas. They showed a significant predisposition to recur. These rare subtypes have higher morbidity and mortality rates than benign meningiomas. Recurrence depends primarily on the extent of surgical removal and on the histological characterization of the tumor as atypical or malignant.

Konstantinos Violaris

Vasileios Katsarides

Maria Karakyriou

Pavlos Sakellariou

Surgical Outcome of Treating Grades II and III Meningiomas: A Report of 32 Cases

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Neuroscience Journal ceased publication in 2019 and is no longer accepting submissions.

description

Neuroscience Journal publishes original research articles, review articles, and clinical studies in all areas of neuroscience.

Neuroscience Journal